Arthur M. Winfield - "The Rover Boys on the Great Lakes"

Constant - "Private Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, V5"

Emile Zola - "The Three Cities Trilogy: Paris, Vol. 2"

Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne - "Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, V12"

New Philadelphia Book Publisher Highlights Local Talent
Book and Publishing News from Publishers Newswire(tm)

Looking for Child to be on Cover of a New Book, 'The Model Child'
PHILADELPHIA, Pa. -- The Philadelphia literary world will celebrate the launch of two new players today, April 10th: Kay Square Press, a new publishing company focused on Philadelphia-area artists, their stories, and their art; and Kay Square's first release, 'With the Rich and Mighty: Emlen Etting of Philadelphia' (ISBN: 978-0-9815129-0-7), a critical biography by Kenneth C. Kaleta.

FlatSigned Press Alleges Don Imus Remarks Damage Legacy of President Gerald R. Ford
NEW YORK, N.Y. -- Nathan Yungerberg, an accomplished model scout and professional child photographer is launching a nation-wide casting call to find the cover model for his highly anticipated book release, 'The Model Child: A Parents Guide to the Child Modeling Industry' (ISBN: 978-0-9817018-0-6).

Books: The Harvard Classics Volume 38

V >> Various >> The Harvard Classics Volume 38




10th: The spots on the arms have disappeared, but there are three
visible in the face.

11th: Two spots on the face are gone; the other barely
perceptible.

13th: The pustule delineated in the second plate in the Treatise
on the Variolae Vaccinae is a correct representation of that on
the child's arm as it appears at this time.

14th: Two fresh spots appear on the face. The pustule on the arm
nearly converted into a scab. As long as any fluid remained in it
it was limpid.

James Hill, four years old, was inoculated on the same day, and
with part of the same matter which infected Stephen Jenner. It
did not appear to have taken effect till the fifth day.

7th: A perceptible vesicle: this evening the patient became a
little chilly; no pain or tumour discoverable in the axilla.

8th: Perfectly well.

9th: The same.

10th: The vesicle more elevated than I have been accustomed to
see it, and assuming more perfectly the variolous character than
is common with the cow-pox at this stage.

11th: Surrounded by an inflammatory redness, about the size of a
shilling, studded over with minute vesicles. The pustule
contained a limpid fluid till the fourteenth day, after which it
was incrusted over in the usual manner; but this incrustation or
scab being accidentally rubbed off, it was slow in healing.

These children were afterwards fully exposed to the smallpox
contagion without effect.

Having been requested by my friend, Mr. Henry Hicks, of
Eastington, in this county, to inoculate two of his children, and
at the same time some of his servants and the people employed in
his manufactory, matter was taken from the arm of this boy for
the purpose. The numbers inoculated were eighteen. They all took
the infection, and either on the fifth or sixth day a vesicle was
perceptible on the punctured part. Some of them began to feel a
little unwell on the eighth day, but the greater number on the
ninth. Their illness, as in the former cases described, was of
short duration, and not sufficient to interrupt, but at very
short intervals, the children from their amusements, or the
servants and manufacturers from following their ordinary
business.

Three of the children whose employment in the manufactory was in
some degree laborious had an inflammation on their arms beyond
the common boundary about the eleventh or twelfth day, when the
feverish symptoms, which before were nearly gone off, again
returned, accompanied with increase of axillary tumour. In these
cases (clearly perceiving that the symptoms were governed by the
state of the arms) I applied on the inoculated pustules, and
renewed the application three or four times within an hour, a
pledget of lint, previously soaked in aqua lythargyri acetati
[Footnote: Goulard's extract of Saturn.] and covered the hot
efflorescence surrounding them with cloths dipped in cold water.

The next day I found this simple mode of treatment had succeeded
perfectly. The inflammation was nearly gone off, and with it the
symptoms which it had produced.

Some of these patients have since been inoculated with variolous
matter, without any effect beyond a little inflammation on the
part where it was inserted.

Why the arms of those inoculated with the vaccine matter in the
country should be more disposed to inflame than those inoculated
in London it may be difficult to determine. From comparing my own
cases with some transmitted to me by Dr. Pearson and Dr.
Woodville, this appears to be the fact; and what strikes me as
still more extraordinary with respect to those inoculated in
London is the appearance of maturating eruptions, In the two
instances only which I have mentioned (the one from the
inoculated, the other from the casual, cow-pox) a few red spots
appeared, which quickly went off without maturating. The case of
the Rev. Mr. Moore's servant may, indeed, seem like a deviation
from the common appearances in the country, but the nature of
these eruptions was not ascertained beyond their not possessing
the property of communicating the disease by their effluvia.
Perhaps the difference we perceive may be owing to some variety
in the mode of action of the virus upon the skin of those who
breathe the air of London and those who live in the country. That
the erysipelas assumes a different form in London from what we
see it put on in this country is a fact very generally
acknowledged. In calling the inflammation that is excited by the
cow-pox virus erysipelatous, perhaps I may not be critically
exact, but it certainly approaches near to it. Now, as the
diseased action going forward in the part infected with the virus
may undergo different modifications according to the
peculiarities of the constitution on which it is to produce its
effect, may it not account for the variation which has been
observed?

To this it may probably be objected that some of the patients
inoculated, and who had pustules in consequence, were newly come
from the country; but I conceive that the changes wrought in the
human body through the medium of the lungs may be extremely
rapid. Yet, after all, further experiments made in London with
vaccine virus generated in the country must finally throw a light
on what now certainly appears obscure and mysterious.

The principal variation perceptible to me in the action of the
vaccine virus generated in London from that produced in the
country was its proving more certainly infectious and giving a
less disposition in the arm to inflame. There appears also a
greater elevation of the pustule above the surrounding skin. In
my former cases the pustule produced by the insertion of the
virus was more like one of those which are so thickly spread over
the body in a bad kind of confluent smallpox. This was more like
a pustule of the distinct smallpox, except that I saw no instance
of pus being formed in it, the matter remaining limpid till the
period of scabbing.

Wishing to see the effects of the disease on an infant newly
born, my nephew, Mr. Henry Jenner, at my request, inserted the
vaccine virus into the arm of a child about twenty hours old. His
report to me is that the child went through the disease without
apparent illness, yet that it was found effectually to resist the
action of variolous matter with which it was subsequently
inoculated.

I have had an opportunity of trying the effects of the cow-pox
matter on a boy, who, the day preceding its insertion, sickened
with the measles. The eruption of the measles, attended with
cough, a little pain in the chest; and the usual symptoms
accompanying the disease, appeared on the third day and spread
all over him. The disease went through its course without any
deviation from its usual habits; and, notwithstanding this, the
cow-pox virus excited its common appearances, both on the arm and
on the constitution, without any febrile interruption; on the
sixth day there was a vesicle.

8th: Pain in the axilla, chilly, and affected with headache.

9th: Nearly well.

12th: The pustule spread to the size of a large split-pea, but
without any surrounding efflorescence. It soon afterwards
scabbed, and the boy recovered his general health rapidly. But it
should be observed that before it scabbed the efflorescence which
had suffered a temporary suspension advanced in the usual manner.

Here we see a deflation from the ordinary habits of the smallpox,
as it has been observed that the presence of the measles suspends
the action of the variolous matter.

The very general investigation that is now taking place, chiefly
through inoculation (and I again repeat my earnest hope that it
may be conducted with that calmness and moderation which should
ever accompany a philosophical research), must soon place the
vaccine disease in its just point of view. The result of all my
trials with the virus on the human subject has been uniform. In
every instance the patient who has felt its influence, has
completely lost the susceptibility for the variolous contagion;
and as these instances are now become numerous, I conceive that,
joined to the observations in the former part of this paper, they
sufficiently preclude me from the necessity of entering into
controversies with those who have circulated reports adverse to
my assertions, on no other evidence than what has been casually
collected.




III

A CONTINUATION OF FACTS AND OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO THE VARIOUS
VACCINES, OR COW-POX. 1800


Since my former publications on the vaccine inoculation I have
had the satisfaction of seeing it extend very widely. Not only in
this country is the subject pursued with ardour, but from my
correspondence with many respectable medical gentlemen on the
Continent (among whom are Dr. De Carro, of Vienna, and Dr.
Ballhorn, of Hanover) I find it is as warmly adopted abroad,
where it has afforded the greatest satisfaction. I have the
pleasure, too, of seeing that the feeble efforts of a few
individuals to depreciate the new practice are sinking fast into
contempt beneath the immense mass of evidence which has arisen up
in support of it.

Upwards of six thousand persons have now been inoculated with the
virus of cow-pox, and the far greater part of them have since
been inoculated with that of smallpox, and exposed to its
infection in every rational way that could be devised, without
effect.

It was very improbable that the investigation of a disease so
analogous to the smallpox should go forward without engaging the
attention of the physician of the Smallpox Hospital in London.

Accordingly, Dr. Woodville, who fills that department with so
much respectability, took an early opportunity of instituting an
inquiry into the nature of the cow-pox. This inquiry was begun in
the early part of the present year, and in May, Dr. Woodville
published the result, which differs essentially from mine in a
point of much importance. It appears that three-fifths of the
patients inoculated were affected with eruptions, for the most
part so perfectly resembling the smallpox as not to be
distinguished from them. On this subject it is necessary that I
should make some comments.

When I consider that out of the great number of cases of casual
inoculation immediately from cows which from time to time
presented themselves to my observation, and the many similar
instances which have been communicated to me by medical gentlemen
in this neighbourhood; when I consider, too, that the matter with
which my inoculations were conducted in the years 1797, '98, and
'99, was taken from some different cows, and that in no instance
any thing like a variolous pustule appeared, I cannot feel
disposed to imagine that eruptions, similar to those described by
Dr. Woodville, have ever been produced by the pure uncontaminated
cow-pock virus; on the contrary, I do suppose that those which
the doctor speaks of originated in the action of variolous matter
which crept into the constitution with the vaccine. And this I
presume happened from the inoculation of a great number of the
patients with variolous matter (some on the third, others on the
fifth, day) after the vaccine had been applied; and it should be
observed that the matter thus propagated became the source of
future inoculations in the hands of many medical gentlemen who
appeared to have been previously unacquainted with the nature of
the cow-pox.

Another circumstance strongly, in my opinion, supporting this
supposition is the following: The cow-pox has been known among
our dairies time immemorial. If pustules, then, like the
variolous, were to follow the communication of it from the cow to
the milker, would not such a fact have been known and recorded at
our farms? Yet neither our farmers nor the medical people of the
neighbourhood have noticed such an occurrence.

A few scattered pimples I have sometimes, though very rarely,
seen, the greater part of which have generally disappeared
quickly, but some have remained long enough to suppurate at their
apex. That local cuticular inflammation, whether springing up
spontaneously or arising from the application of acrid
substances, such for instance, as cantharides, pix Burgundica,
antimonium tartarizatum, etc., will often produce cutaneous
affections, not only near the seat of the inflammation, but on
some parts of the skin far beyond its boundary, is a well-known
fact. It is, doubtless, on this principle that the inoculated
cow-pock pustule and its concomitant efflorescence may, in very
irritable constitutions, produce this affection. The eruption I
allude to has commonly appeared some time in the third week after
inoculation. But this appearance is too trivial to excite the
least regard.

The change which took place in the general appearance during the
progress of the vaccine inoculation at the Smallpox Hospital
should likewise be considered.

Although at first it took on so much of the variolous character
as to produce pustules in three cases out of five, yet in Dr.
Woodville's last report, published in June, he says: "Since the
publication of my reports of inoculations for the cow-pox,
upwards of three hundred cases have been under my care; and out
of this number only thirty-nine had pustules that suppurated;
viz., out of the first hundred, nineteen had pustules; out of the
second, thirteen; and out of the last hundred and ten, only seven
had pustules. Thus it appears that the disease has become
considerably milder; which I am inclined to attribute to a
greater caution used in the choice of the matter, with which the
infection was communicated; for, lately, that which has been
employed for this purpose has been taken only from those patients
in whom the cow-pox proved very mild and well characterized."
[Footnote: In a few weeks after the cow-pox inoculation was
introduced at the Smallpox Hospital I was favoured with some
virus from this stock. In the first instance it produced a few
pustules, which did not maturate; but in the subsequent cases
none appeared.--E. J.]

The inference I am induced to draw from these premises is very
different. The decline, and, finally, the total extinction
nearly, of these pustules, in my opinion, are more fairly
attributable to the cow-pox virus, assimilating the variolous,
[Footnote: In my first publication on this subject I expressed an
opinion that the smallpox and the cow-pox were the same diseases
under different modifications. In this opinion Dr. Woodville has
concurred The axiom of the immortal Hauter, that two diseased
actions cannot take place at the same time in one and the same
part, will not be injured by the admission of this theory.]
the former probably being the original, the latter the same
disease under a peculiar, and at present an inexplicable,
modification.

One experiment tending to elucidate the point under discussion I
had myself an opportunity of instituting. On the supposition of
its being possible that the cow which ranges over the fertile
meadows in the vale of Gloucester might generate a virus
differing in some respects in its qualities from that produced by
the animal artificially pampered for the production of milk for
the metropolis, I procured, during my residence there in the
spring, some cow pock virus from a cow at one of the London milk-
farms. [Footnote: It was taken by Mr. Tanner, then a student at
the Veterinary College, from a cow at Mr. Clark's farm at Kentish
Town.] It was immediately conveyed into Gloucestershire to Dr.
Marshall, who was then extensively engaged in the inoculation of
the cow-pox, the general result of which, and of the inoculation
in particular with this matter, I shall lay before my reader in
the following communication from the doctor:

"DEAR SIR:

"My neighbour, Mr. Hicks, having mentioned your wish to be
informed of the progress of the inoculation here for the cow-pox,
and he also having taken the trouble to transmit to you my
minutes of the cases which have fallen under my care, I hope you
will pardon the further trouble I now give you in stating the
observations I have made upon the subject. When first informed of
it, having two children who had not had the smallpox, I
determined to inoculate them for the cow-pox whenever I should be
so fortunate as to procure matter proper for the purpose. I was,
therefore, particularly happy when I was informed that I could
procure matter from some of those whom you had inoculated. In the
first instance I had no intention of extending the disease
further than my own family, but the very extensive influence
which the conviction of its efficacy in resisting the smallpox
has had upon the minds of the people in general has rendered that
intention nugatory, as you will perceive, by the continuation of
my cases enclosed in this letter, [Footnote: Doctor Marshall has
detailed these cases with great accuracy, but their publication
would now be deemed superfluous.--E.J.] by which it will appear
that since the 22d of March I have inoculated an hundred and
seven persons; which, considering the retired situation I resided
in, is a very great number. There are also other considerations
which, besides that of its influence in resisting the smallpox,
appear to have had their weight; the peculiar mildness of the
disease, the known safety of it, and its not having in any
instance prevented the patient from following his ordinary
business. In all the cases under my care there have only occurred
two or three which required any application, owing to
erysipelatous inflammation on the arm, and they immediately
yielded to it. In the remainder the constitutional illness has
been slight but sufficiently marked, and considerably less than I
ever observed in the same number inoculated with the smallpox. In
only one or two of the cases have any other eruptions appeared
than those around the spot where the matter was inserted, and
those near the infected part. Neither does there appear in the
cow-pox to be the least exciting cause to any other disease,
which in the smallpox has been frequently observed, the
constitution remaining in as full health and vigour after the
termination of the disease as before the infection. Another
important consideration appears to be the impossibility of the
disease being communicated except by the actual contact of the
matter of the pustule, and consequently the perfect safety of the
remaining part of the family, supposing only one or two should
wish to be inoculated at the same time.

"Upon the whole, it appears evident to me that the cow-pox is a
pleasanter, shorter, and infinitely more safe disease than the
inoculated smallpox when conducted in the most careful and
approved manner; neither is the local affection of the inoculated
part, or the constitutional illness, near so violent. I speak
with confidence on the subject, having had an opportunity of
observing its effects upon a variety of constitutions, from three
months old to sixty years; and to which I have paid particular
attention. In the cases alluded to here you will observe that the
removal from the original source of the matter had made no
alteration or change in the nature or appearance of the disease,
and that it may be continued, ad infinitum (I imagine), from one
person to another (if care be observed in taking the matter at a
proper period) without any necessity of recurring to the original
matter of the cow.

"I should be happy if any endeavours of mine could tend further
to elucidate the subject, and shall be much gratified is sending
you any further observations I may be enabled to make.

"I have the pleasure to subscribe myself,
"Dear sir, etc.,
"JOSEPH H. MARSHALL

"EASTINGTON, GLOUCESTERSHIRE, April 26, 1799."

The gentleman who favoured me with the above account has
continued to prosecute his inquiries with unremitting industry,
and has communicated the result in another letter, which at his
request I lay before the public without abbreviation.

Dr. Marshall's second letter:

"DEAR SIR:

"Since the date of my former letter I have continued to inoculate
with the cow-pox virus. Including the cases before enumerated,
the number now amounts to four hundred and twenty-three. It would
be tedious and useless to detail the progress of the disease in
each individual--it is sufficient to observe that I noticed no
deviation in any respect from the cases I formerly adduced. The
general appearances of the arm exactly corresponded with the
account given in your first publication. When they were disposed
to become troublesome by erysipelatous inflammation, an
application of equal parts of vinegar and water always answered
the desired intention. I must not omit to inform you that when
the disease had duly acted upon the constitution I have
frequently used the vitriolic acid. A portion of a drop applied
with the head of a probe or any convenient utensil upon the
pustule, suffered to remain about forty seconds, and afterwards
washed off with sponge and water, never failed to stop its
progress and expedite the formation of a scab.

"I have already subjected two hundred and eleven of my patients
to the action of variolous matter, but EVERY ONE RESISTED IT.

"The result of my experiments (which were made with every
requisite caution) has fully convinced me that the TRUE COW-POX
is a safe and infallible preventive from the smallpox; that in no
case which has fallen under my observation has it been in any
considerable degree troublesome, much less have I seen any thing
like danger; for in no instance were the patients prevented from
following their ordinary employments.

"In Dr. Woodville's publication on the cow-pox I notice an
extraordinary fact. He says that the generality of his patients
had pustules. It certainly appears extremely extraordinary that
in all my cases there never was but one pustule, which appeared
on a patient's elbow on the inoculated arm, and maturated. It
appeared exactly like that on the incised part.

"The whole of my observations, founded as it appears on an
extensive experience, leads me to these obvious conclusions; that
those cases which have been or may be adduced against the
preventive powers of the cow-pox could not have been those of the
true kind, since it must appear to be absolutely impossible that
I should have succeeded in such a number of cases without a
single exception if such a preventive power did not exist. I
cannot entertain a doubt that the inoculated cow-pox must quickly
supersede that of the smallpox. If the many important advantages
which must result from the new practice are duly considered, we
may reasonably infer that public benefit, the sure test of the
real merit of discoveries, will render it generally extensive.

"To you, Sir, as the discoverer of this highly beneficial
practice, mankind are under the highest obligations. As a private
individual I participate in the general feeling; more
particularly as you have afforded me an opportunity of noticing
the effects of a singular disease, and of viewing the progress of
the most curious experiment that ever was recorded in the history
of physiology.
"I remain, dear sir, etc.,
"JOSEPH H. MARSHALL."

"P.S. I should have observed that, of the patients I inoculated
and enumerated in my letter, one hundred and twenty-seven were
infected with the matter you sent me from the London cow. I
discovered no dissimilarity of symptoms in these cases from those
which I inoculated from matter procured in this country. No
pustules have occurred, except in one or two cases, where a
single one appeared on the inoculated arm. No difference was
apparent in the local inflammation. There was no suspension of
ordinary employment among the labouring people, nor was any
medicine required.

"I have frequently inoculated one or two in a family, and the
remaining part of it some weeks afterwards. The uninfected have
slept with the infected during the whole course of the disease
without being affected; so that I am fully convinced that the
disease cannot be taken but by actual contact with the matter.

"A curious fact has lately fallen under my observation, on which
I leave you to comment.

"I visited a patient with the confluent smallpox and charged a
lancet with some of the matter. Two days afterwards I was desired
to inoculate a woman and four children with the cow-pox, and I
inadvertently took the vaccine matter on the same lancet which
was before charged with that of smallpox. In three days I
discovered the mistake, and fully expected that my five patients
would be infected with smallpox; but I was agreeably surprised to
find the disease to be genuine cow-pox, which proceeded without
deviating in any particular from my former cases. I afterwards
inoculated these patients with variolous matter, but all of them
resisted its action.

"I omitted mentioning another great advantage that now occurs to
me in the inoculated cow-pox; I mean, the safety with which
pregnant women may have the disease communicated to them. I have
inoculated a great number of females in that situation, and never
observed their cases to differ in any respect from those of my
other patients. Indeed, the disease is so mild that it seems as
if it might at all times be communicated with the most perfect
safety."