Books: Mediaeval Lore from Bartholomew Anglicus
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Robert Steele >> Mediaeval Lore from Bartholomew Anglicus
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He [the cat] is a full lecherous beast in youth, swift, pliant, and
merry, and leapeth and reseth on everything that is to fore him: and
is led by a straw, and playeth therewith: and is a right heavy beast
in age and full sleepy, and lieth slyly in wait for mice: and is aware
where they be more by smell than by sight, and hunteth and reseth on
them in privy places: and when he taketh a mouse, he playeth
therewith, and eateth him after the play. In time of love is hard
fighting for wives, and one scratcheth and rendeth the other
grievously with biting and with claws. And he maketh a ruthful noise
and ghastful, when one proffereth to fight with another: and unneth is
hurt when he is thrown down off an high place. And when he hath a fair
skin, he is as it were proud thereof, and goeth fast about: and when
his skin is burnt, then he bideth at home; and is oft for his fair
skin taken of the skinner, and slain and flayed.
Physiologus speaketh of the Panther and saith that he hateth the
dragon, and the dragon fleeth him: and when he hath eat enough at
full, he hideth him in his den, and sleepeth continually nigh three
days, and riseth after three days and crieth, and out of his mouth
cometh right good air and savour, and is passing measure sweet: and
for the sweetness all beasts follow him. And only the dragon is a-
feared when he heareth his voice, and fleeth into a den, and may not
suffer the smell thereof; and faileth in himself, and looseth his
comfort. For he weeneth that his smell is very venom.
All four-footed beasts have liking to behold the divers colours of the
panther and tiger, but they are a-feared of the horribleness of their
heads, and therefore they hide their heads, and toll the beasts to
them with fairness of that other-deal of the body, and take them when
they come so tolled, and eat them.
The mermaid is a sea beast wonderly shapen, and draweth shipmen to
peril by sweetness of song. The Gloss on Is. xiii. saith that sirens
are serpents with crests. And some men say, that they are fishes of
the sea in likeness of women. Some men feign that there are three
Sirens some-deal maidens, and some-deal fowls with claws and wings,
and one of them singeth with voice, and another with a pipe, and the
third with an harp, and they please so shipmen, with likeness of song,
that they draw them to peril and to shipbreach, but the sooth is, that
they were strong hores, that drew men that passed by them to poverty
and to mischief. And Physiologus saith it is a beast of the sea,
wonderly shapen as a maid from the navel upward and a fish from the
navel downward, and this wonderful beast is glad and merry in tempest,
and sad and heavy in fair weather. With sweetness of song this beast
maketh shipmen to sleep, and when she seeth that they are asleep, she
goeth into the ship, and ravisheth which she may take with her, and
bringeth him into a dry place, and maketh him first lie by her, and if
he will not or may not, then she slayeth him and eateth his flesh. Of
such wonderful beasts it is written in the great Alexander's story.
The tiger is the swiftest beast in flight, as it were an arrow, for
the Persees call an arrow Tigris, and is a beast distinguished with
divers specks, and is wonderly strong and swift. And Pliny saith that
they be beasts of dreadful swiftness, and that is namely known when he
is taken, for the whelp is all glimy and sinewy; and the hunter lieth
in await, and taketh away the whelps, and fleeth soon away on the most
swift horse that he may have. And when the wild beast cometh and
findeth the den void, and the whelps away, then he reseth headlong,
and taketh the fore of him that beareth the whelps away, and followeth
him by smell, and when the hunter heareth the grutching of that beast
that runneth after him, he throweth down one of the whelps; and the
mother taketh the whelp in her mouth, and beareth him into her den and
layeth him therein, and runneth again after the hunter. But in the
meantime the hunter taketh a ship, and hath with him the other whelps,
and scapeth in that wise; and so she is beguiled and her fierceness
standeth in no stead, and the male taketh no wood rese after. For the
male recketh not of the whelps, and he that will bear away the whelps,
leaveth in the way great mirrors, and the mother followeth and findeth
the mirrors in the way, and looketh on them and seeth her own shadow
and image therein, and weeneth that she seeth her children therein,
and is long occupied therefore to deliver her children out of the
glass, and so the hunter hath time and space for to scape, and so she
is beguiled with her own shadow, and she followeth no farther after
the hunter to deliver her children.
Avicenna saith that the bear bringeth forth a piece of flesh imperfect
and evil shapen, and the mother licketh the lump, and shapeth the
members with licking.... For the whelp is a piece of flesh little more
than a mouse, having neither eyes nor ears, and having claws some-deal
bourgeoning, and so this lump she licketh, and shapeth a whelp with
licking.... And it is wonder to tell a thing, that Theophrastus saith
and telleth that bear's flesh sodden that time (of their sleeping)
vanisheth if it be laid up, and is no token of meat found in the
almery, but a little quantity of humour.... When he is taken he is
made blind with a bright basin, and bound with chains, and compelled
to play, and tamed with beating; and is an unsteadfast beast, and
unstable and uneasy, and goeth therefore all day about the stake, to
the which he is strongly tied. He licketh and sucketh his own feet,
and hath liking in the juice thereof. He can wonderly sty upon trees
unto the highest tops of them, and oft bees gather honey in hollow
trees, and the bear findeth honey by smell, and goeth up to the place
that the honey is in, and maketh a way into the tree with his claws,
and draweth out the honey and eateth it, and cometh oft by custom unto
such a place when he is an-hungered. And the hunter taketh heed
thereof, and pitcheth full sharp hooks and stakes about the foot of
the tree, and hangeth craftily a right heavy hammer or a wedge tofore
the open way to the honey. And then the bear cometh and is an-
hungered, and the log that hangeth there on high letteth him: and he
putteth away the wedge despiteously, but after the removing the wedge
falleth again and hitteth him on the ear. And he hath indignation
thereof, and putteth away the wedge despiteously and right fiercely,
and then the wedge falleth and smiteth him harder than it did before,
and he striveth so long with the wedge, until his feeble head doth
fail by oft smiting of the wedge, and then he falleth down upon the
pricks and stakes, and slayeth himself in that wise. Theophrastus
telleth this manner hunting of bears, and learned it of the hunters in
the country of Germany.
A fox is called Vulpes, and hath that name as it were wallowing feet
aside, and goeth never forthright, but always aslant and with fraud.
And is a false beast and deceiving, for when him lacketh meat, he
feigneth himself dead, and then fowls come to him, as it were to a
carrion, and anon he catcheth one and devoureth it. The fox halteth
always, for the right legs are shorter than the left legs. His skin is
right hairy rough and hot, his tail is great and rough; and when an
hound weeneth to take him by the tail, he taketh his mouth full of
hair and stoppeth it. The fox doth fight with the brock for dens, and
defileth the brock's den, and hath so the mastery over him with fraud
and deceit, and not by strength.... The fox feigneth himself tame in
time of need, but by night he waiteth his time and doeth shrewd deeds.
And though he be right guileful in himself and malicious, yet he is
good and profitable in use of medicine.
THE SOURCES OF THE BOOK
ADAMANTIUS (fl. 258). Origen it quoted under this name. His
commentaries on the Old Testament are the works quoted from.
AEGIDIUS CORBOLIENSIS, of Corbeil (d. 1220). A doctor at Montpellier,
and Canon of Paris.
ALANUS DE INSULIS, OR DE RYSSEL (d. 1202). A monk of Canterbury, most
probably an Englishman. His principal work is a poem in 9 books,
called ANTI-CLAUDIANUS, largely quoted by all Middle Age writers. An
account of it is given in the notes on the Secreta Secretorum
(E.E.T.S.). He also wrote DE PLANCTU NATURAE, PARABOLAE, etc.
ALBERTUS MAGNUS (1193-1280). A famous doctor in the University of
Paris and a Dominican Theologian. The works quoted are commentaries on
the Natural Histories of Aristotle. They have often been printed. He
was teacher of Thomas Aquinas and a contemporary of our author.
ALBUMAZAR (d. 886). An Arab astronomer.
ALCUIN (735-804). An English theologian: the work quoted is his "De
Septem Artibus."
ALEXANDER NECKHAM, OR NEQUAM (1157-1217). His principal work is "De
Naturis Rerum," a book little known on the Continent. Its use by
Bartholomew is thus another proof of his English birth.
ALFARAGUS (9th cent.). An Arab astronomer, whose work is notable as
being the chief source of the celebrated astronomical treatise, "The
Sphere," of Johannes Sacrobosco (John of Halifax), a contemporary
Englishman. It was the popular text-book for over three centuries, and
was as well known as Euclid.
ALFREDUS ANGLICUS (fl. 1200). A physician and translator of Aristotle.
See JACOB'S AESOP for a discussion on his works.
AL GHAZEL (1061-1137). A sceptic opponent of Averroes.
AMBROSE (d. 397). The Hexameron is the work used.
ANSELM (1033-1109). Theologian, Archbishop of Canterbury. The inventor
of Scholasticism.
ARCHELAUS. A Greek geographer.
ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.). I would refer the reader to BRÈCHILLET
JOURDAIN on the EARLY TRANSLATIONS OF ARISTOTLE, where he will find a
mine of information on the works of this writer used in the Middle
Age.
AUGUSTINE (d. 430).
AURORA, THE. A metrical version of the Bible by PETRUS DE RIGA, Canon
of Rheims (d. 1209).
AVERROES (d. 1217). Moorish commentator on Aristotle.
AVICEBRON (d. 1070), OR IBN GEBIROL. A Spanish Jew. Author of the
FONTIS VITA. A work translated by Gundisalvi, of the greatest
influence on the Metaphysic of the Middle Age. See MUNCK, MÉLANGES.
AVICENNA (980-1036). An Arab physician, and commentator on Aristotle.
AYMON, OR HAYMON (d. 1244). An English Franciscan, afterwards General
of the Order, who revised the breviary and rubrics.
BASIL (329-379). In HEXAMERON.
BEDE (673-735). The work by which he was best known in the thirteenth
century was not his History but the works on the _Calendar_, etc.
BELETH, JOHN (before 1165). A French writer on ecclesiastical matters.
BERNARD (1091-1153).
BESTIARIUM. A collection of early myths on animals; of Eastern origin.
There are many different forms of this work. All are founded on
Physiologus.
BOETHIUS (470-526). His treatise on arithmetic is the work quoted
here. His "Consolation" was almost unknown in the early Middle Age,
his popularity resting on his translations of Aristotle and his
treatises on Music and Arithmetic, the latter being a very important
work in the history of the science.
CALLISTHENES, PSEUDO-. Author of the HISTORIA ALEXANDRI MAGNI DE
PRELIIS. See BUDGE'S Syriac Version of this work.
CASSIODORUS (480-575). DE SEPTEM DISCIPLINIS. One of the favourite
Middle Age Text-Books.
CATO (233-151 B.C.). On AGRICULTURE.
CHALCIDIUS (3rd cent.). A commentator on the TIMAEUS of Plato. Only a
part of this is preserved.
CICERO (107-44 B.C.). In SOMN. SCIPIONIS.
CONSTANTINUS AFER (d. 1087). A Benedictine monk of Monte Cassino, and
most probably the introducer of Arab medicine into Italy. He wrote the
VIATICUM and the PANTEGNA (20 books). He introduced Arab medicine into
Europe through the School of Salerno, translating many Arab authors.
CYPRIAN (d. 285). A Syriac astrologer, afterwards Bishop of Antioch,
and Martyr in the Diocletian persecution.
DAMASCENE (11th cent.). Quoted by Constantinus Afer. A physician.
DAMASCENE, JOHN (end of 12th cent.). An Arab physician.
DAMASCIUS (circ. 533). A Syrian commentator on Aristotle, who took
refuge in Persia. Author of a work on wonders quoted by Photius.
DIOSCORIDES (d. 47 B.C.).
DIONYSIUS AREOPAGITUS, PSEUDO- (circ. 400). DE CELESTI HIERARCHIA, DE
DIVINIS NOMINIBUS.
DONATUS (333). A Grammarian.
EUFICIUS (circ. 600). A disciple of Gregory.
FULGENTIUS (circ. 550). A grammarian.
GALEN (131-210).
GILBERTUS (circ. 1250). A celebrated English physician in France;
wrote COMPENDIUM MEDICINAE.
GREGORY (circ. 590). On Job.
HALY (circ. 1000). A Jewish physician. Wrote a PANTEGNI or
COMPLEMENTUM MEDICINAE. The first medical work translated by
Constantius Afer.
HERMES. In ALCHEMIA (not now extant).
HIPPOCRATES (460-351 B.C.).
HUGUTION PIZANUS (d. 1210). A jurisconsult and writer on Grammar.
HYGINUS, PSEUDO- (6th cent.). Writer on Astronomy.
INNOCENT III. (d. 1216). Wrote "De Contemptu Mundi," etc.
ISAAC (circ. 660). An Arab physician, who translated many Greek
authors into Arabic.
ISIDORE (d. 636). Bishop of Seville. He wrote a work on Etymology in
20 books, one of the most popular works of the Middle Age.
JACOBUS DE VITRIACO (d. 1240). A Crusading Bishop, afterwards Cardinal
legate. Wrote an EXEMPLAR, and 3 books of Eastern and Western History.
JEROME (340-420).
JOSEPH BEN GORION (900). Abridgment of Jewish History containing many
legends.
JOSEPHUS (37-95). Jewish historian.
JORATH. DE ANIMALIBUS. A Syriac writer (?).
LAPIDARIUM. See MARBODIUS DE GEMMIS. There are many treatises under
this name.
LEO IX. (1054). See Migne, Patrologia.
LUCAN (d. 65). One of the most popular Latin poets of the Middle Age.
MACER FLORIDUS (6th cent.). On THE VIRTUES OF HERBS.
MACROBIUS (circ. 409). His commentary on the dream of Scipio was a
favourite work in Medieval times.
MARTIANUS CAPELLA (circ. 400). Wrote a poem, THE MARRIAGE OF MERCURY
AND PHILOLOGIA, treating of THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS, which was the
standard text-book from the 5th century for the schools.
MESSAHALA (circ. 1100).
METHODIUS, PSEUDO- (8th cent.). DE AGARINI.
MICHAEL SCOT (circ. 1235). At this time concerned in the translation
of some Arabic works on Astronomy, and Aristotle's DE COELO and DE
MUNDO DE ANIMA, and HISTORIA NATURALIS with commentaries.
MISALATH ASTROLOGUS (?).
PAPIAS (circ. 1053). Grammarian. [Milan, 1467, etc.]
PERSPECTIVA SCIENCIA. I cannot say whether this is Bacon's, Peckham's,
or Albertus Magnus', but I believe it to be Peckham's, who was an
Englishman, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury.
PETRUS COMESTOR (d. 1198). Named MAGISTER HISTORIARUM or Master of
Histories, wrote an account of the world from the Creation, which,
when translated into French, was called the "Mer des Histoires." A
favourite Medieval book.
PHILARETUS (1100). A writer on Medicine.
PHYSIOLOGUS. A Syriac compilation of moralities on animal myths. It
first appears in Western Europe as THEOBALDUS DE NATURIS XII.
ANIMALIUM. Of Alexandrian origin, it dates from before the fourth
century, and appears to have been altered at the will of each writer.
PLATEARIUS SALERNITANUS (circ. 1100) was Johannes, one of a family of
physicians at Salerno. His work is called the PRACTICA. A book on the
virtues of herbs. [Lugd., 1525, etc.]
PLATO (430-348 B.C.). The TIMAEUS is quoted, probably from Chalcidius.
PLINY (d. 79). Natural History. This and Isidore's work are the two
chief sources of medieval knowledge of Nature.
PRISCIAN (circ. 525). Grammarian and physicist.
PTOLEMY (circ. 130). An Alexandrian astronomer, known through Arabic
translations only at that time. [Ven., 1509, etc.]
RABANUS MAURUS (776-856) of Fulda, pupil of Alcuin. A Benedictine,
afterwards Archbishop of Mayence, who wrote DE UNIVERSO MUNDO. [1468;
Col., 1627, etc.]
RASIS (d. 935). An Arab physician, perhaps the greatest of the School.
[Ven., 1548, etc.]
REMIGIUS (d. 908). A teacher of Grammar in the School of Paris. His
grammar remained in use there four centuries. He wrote a gloss on
Marcianus Capella.
RICARDUS DE ST. VICTOR (d. 1173). A Scottish theologian, Prior of St.
Victor. A mystic of considerable acuteness. [Ven., 1506, etc.]
RICARDUS RUFUS (circ. 1225). A Cornishman who was a doctor in great
renown, both at Oxford and Paris. He afterwards joined the
Franciscans.
ROBERTUS LINCOLN., GROSTÊTE (d. 1253), the celebrated Bishop of
Lincoln and patron of Bacon. Taught at Paris and at Oxford.
Commentaries on Aristotle.
SALUSTIUS (d. 363?). DE DIIS ET MUNDO. A geographer.
SCHOLA SALERNITANA (circ. 1100). A treatise on the preservation of
health in leonine verse for popular use, said to be addressed to
Robert of England. It has been translated and commented on hundreds of
times. The Middle Age very sensibly thought preservation from disease
a branch of medicine equally important with the cure of it.
SECUNDUS. A writer on Medicine.
SOLINUS (circ. 100). Wrote an account of things in general--
POLYHISTORIA.
STEPHANUS (circ. 600). Commentary on Galen.
STRABUS (d. 847). A Benedictine, Abbot of Reichenau, near Constance.
One of the authors of the Gloss.
SYMON CORNUBIENSIS (?).
VARRO, M. T. (116-26 B.C.). Most celebrated grammarian.
VIRGIL (70-19 B.C.).
WILLIAM CONCHES (d. 1150). Lectured at Paris, 1139, on Grammar, wrote
DE NATURA.
ZENO (circ. 400), A writer on Medicine, and teacher at Alexandria.
_This list of Authorities cited is that given at the end of the
complete work of Bartholomew._
BIBLIOGRAPHY
_Latin Editions_
Date. Place Printer. Remarks.
HC *2500 Pr 8530 Pell 1867 1480 July 29 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard.
HC 2501 1048 1868 1481 Köln . Koelhoff
HC 2502 8573 1869 1482 Nov. 21 Lyon . Petrus of Hungary
HC 2503 8531a 1870 1482 Dec. 10 Lyon . Philippi & Reinhard.
HC *2504 1055 1871 1483 Jan. 19 Köln . Koelhoff.
H 2505 2036 1872 1483 May 30 Nürnberg Koberger
H *2506 592 1873 1485 Feb. 14 Strassburg Press xv.
HC *2507 3130 1874 1488 May 23 Heidelberg Press i.
H 2508 .. .. 1488 Strassburg (Panzer I 36, 139)
HC *2509 665 1875 1491 Aug. 11 Strassburg Press xv.
HC *2510 2073 1876 1492 June 20 Nürnberg Koberger
H 2511 .. .. 1495 Strassburg (Panzer I 52, 286)
HC *2498 1105 1865 n.d. Köln Press viii. [circ 1473]
formerly attributed to Zell.
HC *2499 7452 1866 n.d. Basel Ruppel.[circ 1468]
10003 .. 1505 Aug. 11 Strassburg Husner.
11131 .. 1519 May 11 Nürnberg Peypus f.J.Koberger
.. 1571 Venezia (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1574 Paris. (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1575 Strassburg (Graesse III. 92)
.. 1601 Frankfurt Richter B.M.
.. 1609 Frankfurt Stein Bib. Nat.
_Dutch Version_
H 2521 1479 ? ?
HC 2522 9173 1886 1485 Haarlem Bellaert
Note--Pr. = Proctor.
_French Version by Jehan Corbichon in_ 1372
Date Place Printer Remarks
HC 2514 Pr 8556 Pell 1880 . 1482 Nov.12 Lyon Huss.
HC 2518 8561 1882 . 1485 Oct.23 Lyon Huss.
HC 2515 .. 1881 . 1485-[6],Jan.26 Lyon Le Roy
H 2516 .. 1883 . 1487, April 7 Lyon Huss.
HC 2517 8564 1884 . 1491-[2],Mar.15 Lyon Huss.
.. 1885 . 1496-[7] Lyon Huss. (Cop. II 884)
HC 2519 .. .. . 1500 Lyon Le Diamantier
HC 2513 8540 1879 . n.d. Lyon Siber (c.1482)
.. 1877 . ? Lyon? Imperfect
HC 2512 .. 1878 . n.d. Paris for A. Verard
.. 1510 Paris for Petit& Lenoir
(Brunet II 1622)
.. 1512 Rouen n.p. (Brunet II
1622)
.. 1518 Paris for Petit & Lenoir
Bib.Nat.
.. 1525 Paris P. Lenoir B.M.
.. 1528,May 5 Paris Gandoul Voynich.
.. c. 1530 [Paris] B.M.
.. 1539 Paris Longis B.M.
.. 1556 Paris L'Anglier
(Brunet II 1623), Grasse says 1566
.. 1556 Paris Groulleau Bib. Nat.
.. 1556 Paris De Banville Bib.
Nat.
.. 1556 Paris M.Boursette B.M.
Bib Nat.
_Spanish Version by Fr. Vincent de Burgos_
HC 2523 Pr 8722 Pell 1887 1494,Sep.18 Toulouse Mayer
1556 Toledo De Avila B.M.
_English Version by John of Trevisa in_ 1397
HC 2520 Pr 9725 n.d. Westminster W. de Worde
[c.1495]
1535 London Berthelet B.M.
1582 London East B.M.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The first edition of this selection was published at London in 1893.
The 1535 edition has 8 unpaged leaves (title, table, prologue, and
Book I.), 338 numbered leaves, and printer's mark of Lucretia. The
following errors in pagination are noted: 181 for 189, 197 for 187,
201 for 200, 203 for 201, 211 for 209.
The chief point of interest in the Bibliography is the question raised
by Wynkyn de Worde's positive statement in his edition in his
epilogue:
And also of your charyte call to remembraunce
The soule of William Caxton first prynter of this boke
In latin tonge at Coleyn hymself to avaunce
That every well disposyd man may theron loke
And John Tate the yonger Joy mote he broke
Which late hathe in Englond doo make this paper thynne
That now in our Englyssh this boke is prynted Inne.
Mr. Gordon Duff is disposed to think that Caxton may have worked on
the undated Cologne edition (H.C. *2498), which must in that case be
put before 1476, finding a link between his Bruges type and the
Cologne presses in a work printed at Louvain in 1475 which contains
type of both descriptions.
Most of these editions are in the British Museum. The copy of the
Berthelet edition there has an autograph of Shakespeare in it--one of
the Ireland forgeries.
GLOSSARY
Accord, _n._, harmony
According, _part._, punning, or in harmony
Adamant, _n._, a diamond
Addercop, _n._, a spider
Afeard, _part._, affrighted
Afore, _prep._, before
Almery, _n._, a cupboard, a buttery
Anon, _adv._, immediately
Apaid, _v._, served, repaid
Apaired, _adj._, injured, impaired
Areared, _adj._, upright
Assay, _v._, to try
Aught, _n._, anything
Avisement, _n._, forethought, counsel
Away with, _v._, to suffer
Awreak, _v._, revenge
Ayencoming, _n._, returning
Ayenge, _prep._, against
Ayenward, _adv._, vice versa
Bate, _v._, _hawking_, to flutter the wings as if preparing
for flight
Bays, _n._, the fruit of the laurel
Because, _conj._, in order that
Beclip, _v._, embrace, enfold
Behind forth, _adv._, from back to front
Behooteth, _v._, advises, gives
Behove, _v._, to be necessary
Bernacle, _n._, a bridle
Beshine, _v._, to illuminate
Bisse, _n._, a second
Blemish, _v._, shrink, blench
Blow, _v._, to obtain lead, etc., from ores in a furnace
Boisterous, boystous, _adj._, thick, strong, solid
Bourgeon, _v._, to bud, burst forth
Bray, _v._, to pound
Brock, _n._, a badger
Buck, _v._, to wash
Busily, _adv._, carefully
But, _prep._, except
Car, _n._, means or instrument
Carfle, _v._, to pound
Carrions, _n._, corpses
Cast, _v._, to intend
Chaffer, _n._, trade
Chine, _n._, chink, cleft
Clarity, _n._, clearness
Clepe, _v._, call
Cliff, _n._, shore
Clue, _n._, a clew or hank (of yarn)
Comfort, _v._, to strengthen
Common, _v._, to share one's food with others and ayenward
Conject, _v._, conjecture
Coverture, _n._, covering
Craftily, _adv._, skilfully
Culvour, _n._, pigeon
Curtel, _n,_, a kirtle, a short coat, a covering
Deadly, _adv._, mortal
Deeming, _n._, judgment, opinion
Default, _n._, deficiency
Depart, _v._, to separate, share out
Despiteously, _adv._, contemptuously
Detty, _adj._, generous
Disperple, _v._, to scatter, destroy
Do, done, _v._, to put, to don
Doomsman, _n._, judge
Draust, _n._, dross, impurity
Ear, _v._, to reap
Else, _adv._, otherwise
Enform, _v._, to make
Even tofore, _adv._, opposite to
Expert, _adv._, tried
Fare, _v._, to happen
Fear, _v. a._, to frighten
Fell, _n._, an undressed skin
Fen, _n._, clay
Fine, _n._, a boundary
Fleet, _v._, to float, to swim; _cf_. "to flit"
Flux, _n._, a flow, a catarrh
Fore, _n._, trail, spoor; _cf_. "foor"
Frot, _v._, to rub
Fumous, _adj._, vaporous, cloudy
Fumosity, _n._, vapour
Fundament, _n._, foundation
Gentle, _adj._, noble, high-minded
Gesses, _n._, jesses, cords for fastening the legs of a hawk
Gete, _n._, goats
Ghastful, _adj._, frightful
Gin, _a._, machine
Glad, _v. a._, to please
Glimy, _adj._, slimy
Gloss, _n._, the comment on Scripture, compiled in the ninth
century from the fathers
Glue, _n._. any glutinous substance
Gnod, _v._, to rub?
Grieve, _v._, to hurt
Grutching, _n._, growling
Gutter, _n._, drop
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