Books: The Natural History of Wiltshire

J >> John Aubrey >> The Natural History of Wiltshire

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In the city of Salisbury doe reigne the dropsy, consumption, scurvy,
gowte; it is an exceeding dampish place.

At Poulshot, a village neer the Devises, in the spring time the
inhabitants appeare of a primrose complexion; 'tis a wett, dirty
place.
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Mrs. Fr. Tyndale, of Priorie St. Maries, when a child, voyded a
lumbricus biceps. Mr. Winceslaus Hollar, when he was at Mechlin, saw
an amphisbæna, which he did very curiously delineate, and coloured it
in water colours, of the very colour: it was exactly the colour of the
inner peele of an onyon: it was about six inches long, but in its
repture it made the figure of a semicircle; both the heads advancing
equally. It was found under a piece of old timber, about 1661; under
the jawes it had barbes like a barbel, which did strengthen his motion
in running. This draught, amongst a world of others, Mr. Thorn.
Chiffinch, of Whitehall, hath; for which Mr. Hollar protested to me he
had no compensation. The diameter was about that of a slo-worme; and I
guesse it was an amphisbænal slo-worme.

[The serpents called amphisbæna are so designated (from the Greek
{Gk: amphisbaina}) in consequence of their ability to move backwards
as well as forwards. The head and tail of the amphisbæna are very
similar in form: whence the common belief that it possesses a head at
each extremity. It was formerly supposed that cutting off one of its
"heads" would fail to destroy this animal; and that its flesh, dried
and pulverized, was an infallible remedy for dislocations and broken
bones.-J. B.]

CHAPTER XVI.
OBSERVATIONS ON PARISH REGISTERS,

ACCORDING TO THE WAY PRESCRIBED BY THE HONBLE. SIR WM. PETTY, KNIGHT.

[THIS chapter consists merely of memoranda for the further examination
of those valuable materials for local and general statistics - the
parochial registers. Aubrey has inserted the number of baptisms,
marriages, and burials, recorded in the registers of Broad Chalke, for
each year, from 1630 to 1642, and from 1676 to 1684 inclusive;
distinguishing the baptisms and burials of males and females in each
year. The like particulars are given for a period of five years from
the registers of Dunhead St. Mary. He adds, "In anno 1686 I made
extracts out of the register bookes of half a dozen parishes in South
Wiltshire, which I gave to Sir Wm. Petty." The following passages will
suffice to indicate the nature of his remarks.- J. B.]

MR. ROBERT GOOD, M.A., of Bower Chalke, hath a method to calculate the
provision that is spent in a yeare in their parish; and does find that
one house with another spends six pounds per annum; which comes within
an hundred pounds of the parish rate.

Sir "W. Petty observes, from the account of the people, that not above
halfe teeming women are marryed; and that if the Government pleased
there might be such a multiplication of mankind as in 1500 yeares
would sufficiently plant every habitable acre in the world.
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Mdm. The poore's rate of St. Giles-in-the-fields, London, comes to six
thousand pounds per annum. [The sixth chapter of Mr. Rowland Dobie's
"History of the United Parishes of St. Giles- in-the-Fields and St.
George, Bloomsbury," (8vo. 1829) contains some curious and interesting
"historical sketches of pauperism." Speaking of the parish
workhouse, the author says, "It contains on an average from 800 to 900
inmates, which is however but a small proportion to the number
constantly relieved, at an expense [annually] of nearly forty thousand
pounds."-J. B.]
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Dunhead St. Mary.-The reason why so few marriages are found in the
register bookes of these parts is that the ordinary sort of people goe
to Ansted to be married, which is a priviledged church; and they come
40 and 50 miles off to be married there.
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Of periodicall small-poxes. - Small-pox in Sherborne dureing the year
1626, and dureing the yeare 1634; from Michaelmas 1642 to Michaelmas
1643; from Michaelmas 1649 to Michaelmas 1650; &c. Small-pox in
Taunton all the year 1658; likewise in the yeare 1670, &c. I would I
had the like observations made in great townes in Wiltshire; but few
care for these things.

It hath been observed that the plague never fix't (encreased) in
Bridgenorth in Salop. Also at Richmond it never did spread; but at
Petersham, a small village a mile or more distant, the plague made so
great a destruction that there survived only five of the inhabitants.
1638 was a sickly and feaverish autumne; there were three graves open
at one time in the churchyard of Broad Chalke.

PART II.

CHAPTER I.
WORTHIES.

[IN this chapter Aubrey has transcribed that portion of Fuller's
Worthies of England which relates to celebrated natives of the county
of Wilts; but as Fuller's work is so well known, it is un- necessary
to print Aubrey's extracts from it here. He has interspersed them with
additional matter from which the following passages are selected.
- J. B.]

PRINCES. - There is a tradition at Wootton Basset that King Richard the
Third was born at Vasthorne [Fasterne], now the seate of the earle of
Rochester. This I was told when I was there in 1648. Old Mr. Jacob,
then tenant there to the Lady Inglefield, was then eighty yeares old,
and the like other old people there did affirme.

[According to the best authorities, this tradition is incorrect:
Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, on the 2d
of October, 1452.-J. B.]

Anne, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Hyde, Knight, was born at Purton,
in this county, and married to His Royal Highnesse James Duke of
Yorke, [James II.] by whom she left issue Mary Queen of England, and
Anne Princesse of Denmark [afterwards Queen].
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SAINTS. - St. Adelm. There was a great bell at Malmesbury Abbey, which
they called St. Adelm's bell, which was accounted a telesman, and to
have the power, when it was rang, to drive away the thunder and
lightning. I remember there is such a great bell at St. Germain's
Abbey at Paris, which they ring to the aforesayd purpose when it
thunders and lightens. Old Bartlemew and other old people of
Malmesbury had by tradition severall stories of miracles donn by St.
Adelm some whereof I wrott down heretofore; now with Mr. Anth. Wood at
Oxford. [St. Adelm, or more correctly Aldhelm, is mentioned in page
42, ante. His life was written by William of Malmesbury, and published
by the Rev. Henry Wharton, in his "Anglia Sacra." (fol. 1691.)- J. B.]

Methinkes it is pitie that Ela, daughter of [William] Longespe Earl of
Salisbury, should be here omitted. [See ante, p.70 ]

PRELATES.- Since the Reformation. - Alexander Hyde, LL.Dr., sonn of Sir
Laurence Hyde, and brother to Sir Robert Hyde, Lord Cheif Justice of
the King's Bench, was born, I believe, at Hele, in this county. He was
made Bishop of Salisbury 1665.

STATESMEN. - William Earle of Pembroke [the second of that name]. In
the east windowe of the south aisle of the church at Wilton is this
following inscription in gothick black letter:-"...
church was... by the vertuose..... wife to the right.... Sir Henry
Sidney, Knight of the Garter and Lord President of the Marches of
Wales, &c. In April 1580, the eight day of that moneth, was born
William Lord Herbert of Cardif, the first-born child to the noble
Henry Earle of Pembroke, by his most dear wife Mary the Countesse,
daughter to the forenamed Sir Henry and Lady Mary, whose lives
Almighty God long prosper in much happiness."* Memorandum, to insert
his titles inscribed under his printed picture. As I remember he was
Lord High Steward of his Majesties Household, Justice in Eire of all
his Majesties Forrests, &c. on this side Trent, Chancellor of the
University of Oxford, one of his Majesties Privy Councell, and Knight
of the Garter. He was a most noble person, and the glory of the court
in the reignes of King James and King Charles. He was handsome, and of
an admirable presence-

* [This inscription is not mentioned in the account of Wilton Church
in Hoare's Modern, Wiltshire, but the author notices a tablet
recording the birth and baptism of the Earl "over the south entrance."
He states that the side aisles were added to the church "within the
last two centuries " - J. B.]

"Gratior et pulchro veniens a corpore virtus."

He was the greatest Mecænas to learned men of any peer of his time or
since. He was very generous and open handed. He gave a noble
collection of choice bookes and manuscripts to the Bodleian Library at
Oxford, which remain there as an honourable monument of his
munificence. 'Twas thought, had he not been suddenly snatch't away by
death, to the grief of all learned and good men, that he would have
been a great benefactor to Pembroke Colledge in Oxford, whereas there
remains only from him a great piece of plate that he gave there. His
lordship was learned, and a poet; there are yet remaining some of his
lordship's poetry in a little book of poems writt by his Lordship and
Sir Benjamin Ruddyer in 12o. ["Poems, written by William Earl of
Pembroke, &c. many of which are answered by way of repartee, by Sir
Benjamin Rudyard. With other poems by them occasionally and apart."
Lond. 1660, 8vo.-J. B.] He had his nativity calculated by a learned
astrologer, and died exactly according to the time predicted therein,
at his house at Baynard's Castle in London. He was very well in
health, but because of the fatal direction which he lay under, he made
a great entertainment (a supper) for his friends, went well to bed,
and died in his sleep, the [10th] day of [April] anno Domini 1630. His
body lies in the vault belonging to his family in the quire of Our
Ladies Church in Salisbury. At Wilton is his figure cast in brasse,
designed, I suppose, for his monument. [See the notices of the Earls
of Pembroke in the ensuing chapter. - J. B.]

Sir Edward Hyde, Earle of Clarendon, Lord Chancellour of England, was
born at Dynton in Wiltshire. His father was the fourth and youngest
sonn of..... Hyde, of Hatch, Esq. Sir Edward married [Frances]
daughter of Sir Thomas Aylesbury, one of the clarks of the councell In
his exile in France he wrote the History of the late Times, sc. from
1641 to 1660; near finished, but broken off by death, by whom he was
attacked as he was writing; the penn fell out of his hand; he took it
up again and tryed to write; and it fell out the second time. He then
saw that it was time to leave off, and betooke himself to thinke about
the other world. (From the Countess of Thanet.) He shortly after ended
his dayes at [Rouen] Anno Domini 1674, and his body was brought over
into England, and interred privately at Westminster Abbey. From the
Earle of Clarendon. [Anthony Wood states (probably on the authority of
Aubrey) that Clarendon was buried on the north side of Henry the
Seventh's chapel in Westminster Abbey; but the place of his interment
is not marked by any monument or inscription.-J. B.]
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SOLDIERS. - Sir Henry Danvers, Knight, Earle of Danby and Baron of
Dauntesey, was born at Dauntesey, 28th day of June Ano. Dni. 1573. He
was of a magnificent and munificall spirit, and made that noble
physic-garden at Oxford, and endowed it with I thinke 30li. per annum.
In the epistles of Degory Wheare, History Professor of Oxford, in
Latin, are severall addressed to his lordship that doe recite his
worth. He allowed three thousand pounds per annum only for his
kitchin. He bred up severall brave young gentleman and preferred them;
e. g. Colonell Leg, and severall others, of which enquire further of
my Lady Viscountesse Purbec. The estate of Henry Earle of Danby was
above eleven thousand pounds per annum; near twelve. He died January
the 20th, 1643, and lies buried in a little chapell made for his
monument on the north side of Dantesey-church, near to the vault where
his father and ancesters lye. [Aubrey here transcribes his epitaph,
which, with other particulars of his life, will be found in the
Beauties of Wiltshire, vol. iii. p. 76.--J. B.]

Sir Michael Ernele, Knight, was second son of Sir John Ernele, of
Whetham in the County of Wilts. After he had spent some time at the
University of Oxford, he betooke himself to a militarie life in the
Low Countries, where he became so good a proficient that at his return
into England at the beginning of the Civill warres, King Charles the
First gave him the commission of a Colonell in his service, and
shortly after he was made Governour of Shrewsbury, and he was, or
intended to bee, Major Generall. He did his Majesty good service in
the warres, as doth appeare by the Mercurii Aulici. His garrison at
Shrewsbury being weakened by drawing out great part of them before the
battel at Marston Moore, the townesmen plotted and betrayed his
garrison to the Parliament soldiers. He was slain then in the market-
place, about the time of the battle of Marston Moore.*

* [It was the common belief that Sir Michael Erneley was killed, as
here stated, by the Parlimentary soldiers at the time Shrewsbury was
taken (Feb. 3,1644-5); but in Owen and Blakeway's Hist, of Shrewsbury,
4to. 1825, the time and manner of his death is left uncertain. His
name is included in the list of those who were made prisoners when the
town surrendered.-J. B.]

William Ludlow, Esq. sonn and heir of Sir [Henry] Ludlow, and
Dame...... daughter of the Lord Viscount Bindon, in this county, was
Governour of Wardour Castle in this county, for the Parliament, which
he valiantly defended till part of the castle was blown up, 1644 or
1645. He was Major General, &c. See his life in Mr. Anth. Wood's
Antiquities of Oxford. [This passage refers to Edward (not William)
Ludlow; the famous Republican general. His "Memoirs" were printed in
1698-9, at Vevay in Switzerland, where he died about five years
previous to their publication. They have gone through several
editions, and constitute a valuable historical record of the times.
- J. B.]

Sir John Ernele, great-grandson of Sir John Ernele above sayd, and
eldest sonn of Sir John Ernele, late Chancellour of the Exchequer, had
the command of a flag-ship, and was eminent in some sea services. He
married the daughter and heir of Sir John Kerle of.... in
Herefordshire.
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A DIGRESSION. - Anno 1633, I entred into my grammar at the latin schoole
at Yatton-Keynel, in the church, where the curate, Mr. Hart, taught
the eldest boyes Virgil, Ovid, Cicero, &c. The fashion then was to
save the forules of their bookes with a false cover of parchment, sc.
old manuscript, which I [could not] was too young to understand; but
I was pleased with the elegancy of the writing and the coloured
initiall letters. I remember the rector here, Mr. Wm. Stump, great
gr.-son of St. the cloathier of Malmesbury, had severall manuscripts
of the abbey. He was a proper man and a good fellow; and, when he
brewed a barrell of speciall ale, his use was to stop the bung- hole,
under the clay, with a sheet of manuscript; he sayd nothing did it so
well: which me thought did grieve me then to see. Afterwards I went to
schoole to Mr. Latimer at Leigh-delamer, the next parish, where was
the like use of covering of bookes. In my grandfather's dayes the
manuscripts flew about like butterflies. All music bookes, account
bookes, copie bookes, &c. were covered with old manuscripts, as wee
cover them now with blew paper or marbled paper; and the glovers at
Malmesbury made great havoc of them; and gloves were wrapt up no
doubt in many good pieces of antiquity. Before the late warres a world
of rare manuscripts perished hereabout; for within half a dozen miles
of this place were the abbey of Malmesbury, where it may be presumed
the library was as well furnished with choice copies as most libraries
of England; and perhaps in this library we might have found a correct
Pliny's Naturall History, which Cantus, a monk here, did abridge for
King Henry the Second. Within the aforesaid compass was Broad stock
Priory, Stan Leigh Abbey, Farleigh Abbey, Bath Abbey, eight miles, and
Cirencester Abbey, twelve miles. Anno 1638 I was transplanted to
Blandford-schoole, in Dorset, to Mr. Wm. Sutton. (In Mr. Wm. Gardner's
time it was the most eminent schoole for the education of gentlemen in
the West of England.) Here also was the use of covering of bookes with
old parchments, sc. leases, &c., but I never saw any thing of a
manuscript there. Hereabout were no abbeys or convents for men. One
may also perceive by the binding of old bookes how the old manuscripts
went to wrack in those dayes. Anno 1647 I went to Parson Stump out of
curiosity, to see his manuscripts, whereof I had seen some in my
childhood; but by that time they were lost and disperse. His sons were
gunners and souldiers, and scoured their gunnies with them; but he
shewed me severall old deeds granted by the Lords Abbots, with their
scales annexed, which I suppose his sonn Capt. Tho. Stump of
Malmesbury hath still. [I have quoted part of this curious paragraph
in my Memoir of Aubrey, 4to. 1845.-J. B.]
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WRITERS.- William of Malmesbury. He was the next historiographer of
this nation to Venerable Bede, as he himself written; and was fain, he
sayes, to pick out his history out of ballads and old rhythmes.....
hundred yeares after Bede. He dedicates his history to [Robert, Earl
of Gloucester] "filio naturali Henrici primi". He wrote also the history
of the abbey of Glastonbury, which is in manuscript in the library of
Trinity College in Cambridge, wherein are many good remarques to be
found, as Dr. Thomas Gale of Paules schoole enformes me. [This was
edited by Gale, and published at Oxford in 1691, 8vo. - J. B.]

Robertus Sarisburiensis wrote a good discourse, De Piscinis, mentioned
and commended by Sir Henry Wotton in his Elements of Architecture. Q.
Anth. Wood, de hoc.

Dr..... Forman, - Mr. Ashmole thinkes his name was John, [Simon.-
J. B.]- physitian and astrologer, was born at Wilton, in Wilts. He was
of the University of Oxford, but took his degree of Doctor in
Cambridge, practised in Salisbury, where he was persecuted for his
astrologie, which in those ignorant times was accounted conjuring. He
then came to London, where he had very good practise, and did great
cures; but the college hated him, and at last drove him out of London:
so he lived and died at Lambeth, where he lies buried. Elias Ashmole,
Esq. has severall bookes of his writing (never printed), as also his
own life. There it may be seen whether he was not a favorite of Mary,
Countesse of Pembroke. He was a chymist, as far as chymistry went in
those dayes, and 'tis very likely he was a favorite of her honour's.
Quaere Mr. Dennet, the Earl of Pembrock's steward, if he had not a
pension from the Earl of Pembrock? Forman is a common name in Calne
parish, Wilts, where there are still severall wealthy men, cloathiers,
&c. of that name; but tempore Reginæ Elizabethæ there was a Forman
of Calne, Lord Maior of London. My grandfather Lyte told me that at
his Lord Maior's shew there was the representation of the creation
of the world, and writt underneath, "and all for man." [Some
interesting passages from Forman's MS. Diary have recently been
brought forward by Mr. Collier in illustration of the history of
Shakspere's works. They describe some very early performances of
several of his plays, at which Forman was present. - J. B.]

Sr Johan Davys, Knight, was born at Tysbury; his father was a tanner.
He wrote a poeme in English, called "Nosce Teipsum"*; also Reports. He
was Lord Chief Justice in Ireland. His wife was sister to the Earle of
Castle-Haven that was beheaded; she had also aliquid dementiæ, and was
a prophetesse, for which she was confined in the Tower, before the
late troubles, for her predictions. His onely daughter and heire was
married to [Ferdinando] Earle of Huntingdon.

[*"Nosce Teipsum: this oracle expounded in two elegies. 1st. Of
Human knowledge. 2nd. Of the soule of man, and the immortality
thereof;" with acrostics on Queen Elizabeth. (London, 1609, small
8vo.) The works of the above named Lady Eleanor Davies, the
prophetess, widow of Sir John, were of a most extraordinary kind. See
a list of them in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. - J. B.]

Mr. Thomas Hobbes was born at Westport juxta Malmesbury, April the
fifth, anno 1588, he told me, between four and six in the morning, in
the house that faces or points to the horse-faire. He died at Hardwick
in Darbyshire, Anno Domini 1679, ætatis 91. [See Aubrey's Life of
Hobbes, appended to Letters from the Bodleian, vol. iii. p. 593.
- J. B.]

Thomas Willis, M.D., was born at Great Bedwin in this county, anno
[1621.] His father, he told me, was steward to my Lady Smyth there. He
dyed in London, and lies interred with his wife in Westminster Abbey.

Thomas Piers, D.D., and Dean of Salisbury, formerly President of
Magdalen College in Oxford, was born at the Devizes. His father was a
woollen draper and an alderman there.

Sir Christopher Wren, Knt., Surveyor of his Majesties buildings, the
eldest sonne of Dr. Christopher Wren, Deane of Windsor, was born at
Knoyle, in this county, where his father was rector, in the
parsonage-house, anno 1631; christened November the 10th; but he tells
me that he was born October the 20th. His mother fell in labour with
him when the bell rung eight.

[Richard] Blackmore, M.D., born in Cosham parish, the sonne of an
attorney, went to schoole to Parson.... of Dracot. Scripsit an Epique
poeme, called Prince Arthur, 1694.

Sir William Penn, Vice-Admirall, born at Minety, in the hundred of
Malmesbury. His father was a keeper in Braden forest: the lodge is
called Penn's lodge to this day. He was father to William Penn, Esq.
Lord Proprietor of Pensylvania; it is a very ancient family in
Buckinghamshire. This family in North Wilts had heretofore a
dependence on the Abbey of Malmesbury as stewards or officers. [Sir
William Penn was buried in Redcliffe Church, Bristol. See Britten's
Account of Redcliffe Church. - J. B.]

T. Byfield, a physician, sonn of Adoniram Byfield, the Assembly man,
born at Collingbourn Ducis, where his father was rector. He published
a book of Waters about 1684.

Mr. Edward Whatman, of Mayden Bradley, practitioner in physick, and
very successfull in his practise. By reason of the civill warrs he was
of no university, but he was a young man of great parts and great
hopes. He died shortly after his Majesties restauration, aged about
35. He onely printed "Funerall Obsequies on the Honourable the Ladie
Elizabeth Hopton, wife to Sir Ralph Hopton," London, 1647.

Mr. William Gardiner, the eminent schoolemaster at Blandford, about
twenty yeares; born in this county; died about 1636, aetatis 47.
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MUSICIANS.-The quire of Salisbury Cathedral hath produced as many able
musicians, if not more, than any quire in this nation.

Andrew Markes, of Salisbury, where his father was a fiddle maker, was
the best lutinist in England in his time - sc. the latter end of Queen
Elizabeth and King James, and the best composer of lute lessons; and
as to his compositions, Mr. Sam. Cowper, the famous limner, who was an
excellent lutinist, did affirme that they are of great value to this
time.

Jo. Coperario, whose reall name I have been told was Cowper, and
Alfonso Ferrabosco, lived most in Wiltshire, sc. at Amesbury, and
Wulfall, with Edward Earle of Hertford, who was the great patrone of
musicians.

Davys Mell, born at Wilton, was the best violinist of any Englishman
in England: he also took a fancy to make clocks and watches, and had a
great name for the goodness of his work. He was of the King's musick,
and died in London about 1663.

.... Bell, of Wilton, was sagbuttere to King Charles the First, and
was the most excellent artist in playing on that instrument, which is
very difficult, of any one in England. He dyed about the restauration
of the King.

Humphrey Madge, of Salisbury, was servant bound to Sir John Danvers,
and afterwards one of the violinists to King Charles the Second.

Will. Yokeney, a lutinist and a composer of songs, e. g. of Colonel
Lovelace's songs, &c. was born at Lacock, 1646. Among other fine
compositions of songs by Will. Yokeney, this following ought to be
remembred, made 1646 or 1647, viz.:-

"What if the King should come to the city,
Would he be then received I trow?
Would the Parliament treat him with rigor or pity?
Some doe think yea, but most doe think no, &c."'

It is a lively, briske aire, and was playd by the lowd musick when
King Charles the Second made his entry in London at his restauration.

Captain Thomas Stump, of Malmesbury. Tis pity the strange adventures
of him should be forgotten. He was the eldest sonn of Mr. Will.
Stump, rector of Yatton Keynell; was a boy of a most daring spirit; he
would climbe towers and trees most dangerously; nay, he would walke on
the battlements of the tower there. He had too much spirit to be a
scholar, and about sixteen went in a voyage with his uncle, since Sir
Thomas Ivy, to Guyana, in anno 1633, or 1632. When the ship put in
some where there, four or five of them straggled into the countrey too
far, and in the interim the wind served, and the sails were hoist,
and the stragglers left behind. It was not long before the wild people
seized on them and strip's them, and those that had beards they
knocked their braines out, and (as I remember) did eat them; but the
queen saved T. Stump, and the other boy. Stump threw himself into the
river Pronoun to have drowned himself, but could not sinke; he is
very full chested. The other youth shortly died. He lived with them
till 1636 or 1637. His narrations are very strange and pleasant; but
so many yeares since have made me almost forget all. He sayes there
is incomparable fruite there, and that it may be termed the paradise
of the world. He says that the spondyles of the backbones of the huge
serpents there are used to sit on, as our women sitt upon butts. He
taught them to build hovels, and to thatch and wattle. I wish I had a
good account of his abode there; he is "fide dignus". I never heard of
any man that lived so long among those salvages. A ship then sayling
by, a Portughese, he swam to it; and they took him up and made use of
him for a seaboy. As he was sayling near Cornwall he stole out of a
port-hole and swam to shore; and so begged to his father's in
Wiltshire. When he came home, nobody knew him, and they would not own
him: only Jo. Harris the carpenter knew him. At last he recounted so
many circumstances that he was owned, and in 1642 had a commission for
a Captain of Foot in King Charles the First's army.

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