Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne - "Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte, v10"

Octave Feuillet - "Monsieur de Camors, v3"

(A.E.)George William Russell - "National Being"

Douglas Jerrold - "Mrs. Caudle's Curtain Lectures"

New Philadelphia Book Publisher Highlights Local Talent
Book and Publishing News from Publishers Newswire(tm)

Looking for Child to be on Cover of a New Book, 'The Model Child'
PHILADELPHIA, Pa. -- The Philadelphia literary world will celebrate the launch of two new players today, April 10th: Kay Square Press, a new publishing company focused on Philadelphia-area artists, their stories, and their art; and Kay Square's first release, 'With the Rich and Mighty: Emlen Etting of Philadelphia' (ISBN: 978-0-9815129-0-7), a critical biography by Kenneth C. Kaleta.

FlatSigned Press Alleges Don Imus Remarks Damage Legacy of President Gerald R. Ford
NEW YORK, N.Y. -- Nathan Yungerberg, an accomplished model scout and professional child photographer is launching a nation-wide casting call to find the cover model for his highly anticipated book release, 'The Model Child: A Parents Guide to the Child Modeling Industry' (ISBN: 978-0-9817018-0-6).

Books: Himalayan Journals (Complete)

J >> J. D. Hooker >> Himalayan Journals (Complete)




Humidity 0.860 Calcutta 0.760
Weight of vapour 3.46 gr. ,, 9.00 gr.


ELEVATION 12,000 TO 13,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Zemu river 7 a.m. 12,070) 46.6 45.6 1.0 .321
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 51.1 49.0 2.1 .362
7 ,, noon ,, _ and 51.1 50.2 0.9 .376
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) July 51.2 50.3 0.9 .377
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 49.7 48.9 0.8 .360
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 48.1 47.6 0.5 .344
2 Yangma Valley 12,129 Nov. 34.8 22.7 12.1 .143
1 Zemu river 12,422 June 49.0 46.6 2.4 .332
3 Chumanako 12,590 Nov. 37.3 28.3 9.0 .174
7 Tungu 7 a.m. 12,751 July 45.1 44.1 1.0 .305
5 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 53.1 48.6 4.5 .355
1 ,, noon ,, July 62.3 52.7 9.6 .409
1 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 60.0 53.8 6.2 .425
6 ,, sunset ,, July 46.4 45.3 1.1 .317
3 ,, sunrise ,, Oct. 38.2 35.0 3.2 .222
4 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Oct. 46.5 42.8 3.7 .292
4 ,, noon ,, Oct. 46.1 42.0 4.1 .284
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Oct. 43.8 42.1 1.7 .285
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Oct. 42.3 40.8 1.5 .271
6 ,, sunset ,, Oct. 41.0 38.7 2.3 .253
23 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 43.2 40.8 2.4 .272
13 ,, Ditto ,, July 51.3 47.4 3.6 .345
6 Tuquoroma 12,944 Nov. 26.0 23.4 2.6 .146
---------------------------------------------------------------------
140 Mean 46.3 42.9 3.4 .303

CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
9 Zemu river 7 a.m. 12,070) 80.6 77.7 2.9 .931
9 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, ) June 84.5 75.1 9.4 .972
7 ,, noon ,, _ and 87.0 82.2 4.8 1.074
7 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, ) July 86.3 80.0 6.3 1.000
7 ,, 4 p.m. ,, ) 86.5 80.2 6.3 1.006
8 ,, sunset ,, ) 81.4 77.5 3.9 .926
2 Yangma Valley 12,129 Nov. 70.6 63.7 16.9 .592
1 Zemu river 12,422 June 93.2 79.6 13.6 .989
3 Chumanako 12,590 Nov. 75.1 73.8 1.3 .822
7 Tungu 7 a.m. 12,751 July 80.5 78.3 2.2 .949
5 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, July 87.1 79.4 7.7 .982
1 ,, noon ,, July 88.9 77.8 11.1 .935
1 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, July 85.3 79.5 5.8 .985
6 ,, sunset ,, July 84.7 79.1 5.6 .974
3 ,, sunrise ,, Oct. 79.4 77.8 1.6 .932
4 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Oct. 85.0 78.6 6.4 .957
4 ,, noon ,, Oct. 85.0 78.2 6.8 .944
4 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Oct. 86.4 78.8 7.6 .963
4 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Oct. 85.9 78.5 7.4 .956
6 ,, sunset ,, Oct. 83.3 78.2 5.1 .947
23 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Oct. 84.5 78.4 6.1 .950
13 ,, Ditto ,, July 85.7 79.0 6.7 .971
6 Tuquoroma 12,944 Nov. 75.1 60.8 14.3 .537
---------------------------------------------------------------------
140 Mean 83.6 77.1 6.5 .926

Humidity 0.890 Calcutta 0.815
Weight of vapour 3.37 gr. ,, 9.75 gr.


ELEVATION 13,000 TO 14,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
7 Mon Lepcha 13,090 Jan. 27.1 18.5 8.6 .122
4 Ditto 13,073 Jan. 25.6 16.4 9.2 .113
2 Tunkra valley 13,111 Aug. 45.0 43.5 1.5 .298
21 Jongri 13,194 Jan. 22.7 10.5 12.2 .091
1 Zemu river 13,281 June 46.7 46.7 0.0 .334
4 Choonjerma 13,288 Dec. 39.0 11.1 27.9 .093
10 Yangma village 13,502 Nov./ 33.8 18.6 15.2 .123
Dec.
1 Wallanchoon road 13,505 Nov. 28.0 9.5 18.5 .088
3 Kambachen, below pass 13,600 Dec. 40.0 18.6 21.4 .123
---------------------------------------------------------------------
53 Mean 34.2 21.5 12.6 .154

CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
7 Mon Lepcha 13,090 Jan. 70.0 50.8 19.2 .527
4 Ditto 13,073 Jan. 71.7 49.9 21.8 .373
2 Tunkra valley 13,111 Aug. 81.2 78.7 2.5 .962
21 Jongri 13,194 Jan. 70.6 53.2 17.4 .417
1 Zemu river 13,281 June 92.9 86.6 6.2 1.230
4 Choonjerma 13,288 Dec. 69.8 61.8 28.0 .555
10 Yangma village 13,502 Nov./ 78.9 62.1 16.8 .561
Dec.
1 Wallanchoon road 13,505 Nov. 66.4 61.8 14.6 .555
3 Kambachen, below pass 13,600 Dec. 72.9 62.2 10.7 .563
---------------------------------------------------------------------
53 Mean 74.9 63.0 11.9 .636

Humidity 0.634 Calcutta 0.678
Weight of vapour 1.61 gr. 6.28 gr.


ELEVATION 15,000 TO 16,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Yangma valley 15,186 Dec. 42.2 20.7 21.5 .133
1 Choonjerma pass 15,259 Dec. 34.3 10.5 23.8 .091
8 Lachee-pia 15,262 Aug. 42.0 41.6 0.4 .279
12 Momay, 7 a.m. ,, Sept. 39.4 34.7 4.7 .219
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Sept. 50.9 41.7 9.2 .280
4 ,, noon ,, Sept. 51.7 43.6 8.1 .299
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Sept. 49.7 41.9 7.8 .283
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Sept. 44.4 41.3 3.1 .276
16 ,, sunset ,, Sept. 41.5 38.6 2.9 .252
8 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Sept. 47.6 41.4 6.2 .277
6 ,, ,, ,, Oct. 40.9 36.5 4.4 .234
3 Sittong 15,372 Oct. 38.6 29.8 8.8 .184
2 Palung 15,676 Oct. 44.6 39.8 4.8 .262
1 Kambachen pass 15,770 Dec. 26.5 15.9 10.6 .111
1 Yeumtong 15,985 Sept. 44.6 43.7 0.9 .300
---------------------------------------------------------------------
87 Mean 42.6 34.8 7.8 .232

CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Yangma valley 15,186 Dec. 80.8 62.0 18.8 .559
1 Choonjerma pass 15,259 Dec. 77.9 60.6 17.3 .534
8 Lachee-pia 15,262 Aug. 85.5 79.4 6.1 .982
12 Momay, 7 a.m. ,, Sept. 80.5 78.8 1.7 .966
6 ,, 9.50 a.m. ,, Sept. 87.6 78.8 8.8 .963
4 ,, noon ,, Sept. 89.5 79.7 9.8 .990
8 ,, 2.40 p.m. ,, Sept. 90.0 78.3 11.7 .949
10 ,, 4 p.m. ,, Sept. 88.7 77.6 11.1 .928
16 ,, sunset ,, Sept. 84.2 78.4 5.8 .952
8 ,, Miscellaneous ,, Sept. 87.4 78.6 8.8 .956
6 ,, ,, ,, Oct. 83.9 69.3 14.6 .710
3 Sittong 15,372 Oct. 84.0 77.5 6.5 .926
2 Palung 15,676 Oct. 86.8 78.5 8.3 .954
1 Kambachen pass 15,770 Dec. 78.0 58.5 19.5 .498
1 Yeumtong 15,985 Sept. 88.8 80.5 8.3 1.016
---------------------------------------------------------------------
87 Mean 84.9 74.4 10.5 .859

Humidity 0.763 Calcutta 0.719
Weight of vapour 2.55 gr. 8.95 gr.


ELEVATION 16,000 TO 17,000 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Kanglachem pass 16,038 Dec. 32.8 16.3 16.5 .110
3 Tunkra pass 16,038 Aug. 39.8 38.7 1.1 .252
1 Wallanchoon pass 16,756 Nov. 18.0 -6.0 24.0 .046
5 Teumtso 16,808 Oct. 32.4 25.1 7.3 .156
6 Cholamoo lake 16,900 Oct. 31.4 20.2 11.2 .130
1 Donkia mountain 16,978 Sept. 40.2 25.9 14.3 .160
---------------------------------------------------------------------
17 Mean 32.4 20.0 12.4 .142

CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Kanglachem pass 16,038 Dec. 80.7 61.1 19.6 .543
3 Tunkra pass 16,038 Aug. 86.0 78.7 7.3 .959
1 Wallanchoon pass 16,756 Nov. 79.9 57.6 22.3 .483
5 Teumtso 16,808 Oct. 85.0 75.7 9.3 .872
6 Cholamoo lake 16,900 Oct. 79.8 68.4 11.4 .690
1 Donkia mountain 16,978 Sept. 87.6 78.8 18.8 .963
---------------------------------------------------------------------
17 Mean 83.2 70.1 13.3 .752

Humidity 0.640 Calcutta 0.658
Weight of vapour 1.53 gr. 7.80 gr.


ELEVATION 17,000 TO 18,500 FEET.
EASTERN NEPAL AND SIKKIM.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Kinchinjhow 17,624 Sept. 47.5 30.9 16.6 .191
1 Sebolah pass 17,585 Sept. 46.5 34.6 11.9 .218
1 Donkin mountain 18,307 Sept. 38.8 35.3 3.5 .224
3 Bhomtso 18,450 Oct. 54.0 4.4 49.6 .072
2 Donkia pass 18,466 Sept. 41.8 30.3 11.5 .188
2 Ditto 18,466 Oct. 40.1 25.0 15.1 .155
---------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Mean 44.8 26.8 18.0 .175

CALCUTTA.
No. of
Obs. Locality Elev. Month Tem. D.P. Diff. Tens
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Kinchinjhow 17,624 Sept. 85.7 79.7 16.0 .991
1 Sebolah pass 17,585 Sept. 88.8 80.0 18.8 1.002
1 Donkin mountain 18,307 Sept. 90.7 79.3 11.4 .981
3 Bhomtso 18,450 Oct. 91.1 61.1 20.0 .543
2 Donkia pass 18,466 Sept. 84.1 78.4 15.7 .950
2 Ditto 18,466 Oct. 86.5 65.5 21.0 .627
---------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Mean 87.8 74.0 12.2 .849

Humidity 0.532 Calcutta 0.648
Weight of vapour 1.90 gr. 8.78 gr.


SUMMARY.

HUMIDITY WEIGHT OF VAPOUR
No. of Elevations Sta- Sik- Cal- Diff. Sik- Cal- Diff.
Obs. in Feet tions kim cutta Sikkim kim cutta Sikkim
----------------------------------------------------------------------
48 735 to 2000 9 .717 .663 +.054 5.57 6.88 -1.31
49 2000 to 3000 9 .820 .740 .080 5.45 7.13 1.68
48 3000 to 4000 13 .858 .732 .116 4.23 6.60 2.37
137 4000 to 5000 23 .837 .730 .107 4.33 7.12 2.79
260 5000 to 6000 15 .865 .730 .135 4.70 7.34 2.64
76 6000 to 7000 13 .845 .701 .144 3.60 6.71 3.11
1023 7000 to 8000 14 .826 .668 .158 3.85 7.28 3.43
193 8000 to 9000 13 .858 .730 .128 4.23 8.75 4.52
18 9000 to 10,000 5 .747 .724 .023 2.80 6.28 3.48
123 10,000 to 11,000 10 .878 .740 .138 3.35 8.70 4.35
104 11,000 to 12,000 6 .860 .760 .100 3.46 9.00 5.54
140 12,000 to 13,000 6 .890 .815 .075 3.37 9.75 6.38
53 13,000 to 14,000 9 .634 .678 -.044 1.61 6.28 4.67
87 15,000 to 16,000 8 .763 .719 +.044 2.55 8.95 6.40
17 16,000 to 17,000 6 .640 .658 .018 1.53 7.80 6.27
10 17,000 to 18,500 5 .532 .648 -.116 1.90 8.78 6.88
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2386 154


Considering how desultory the observations in Sikkim are, and how
much affected by local circumstances, the above results must be
considered highly satisfactory: they prove that the relative humidity
of the atmospheric column remains pretty constant throughout all
elevations, except when these are in a Tibetan climate; and when
above 18,000 feet, elevations which I attained in fine weather only.
Up to 12,000 feet this constant humidity is very marked; the
observations made at greater elevations were almost invariably to the
north, or leeward of the great snowy peaks, and consequently in a
drier climate; and there it will be seen that these proportions are
occasionally inverted; and in Tibet itself a degree of relative
dryness is encountered, such as is never equalled on the plains of
Eastern Bengal or the Gangetic delta. Whether an isolated peak rising
near Calcutta, to the elevation of 19,OOQ feet, would present similar
results to the above, is not proven by these observations, but as the
relative humidity is the same at all elevations on the outermost
ranges of Sikkim, which attain 10,000 feet, and as these rise from
the plains like steep islands out of the ocean, it may be presumed
that the effects of elevation would be the same in both cases.

The first effect of this humid wind is to clothe Sikkim with forests,
that make it moister still; and however difficult it is to separate
cause from effect in such cases as those of the reciprocal action of
humidity on vegetation, and vegetation on humidity, it is necessary
for the observer to consider the one as the effect of the other.
There is no doubt that but for the humidity of the region, the Sikkim
Himalaya would not present the uniform clothing of forest that it
does; and, on the other hand, that but for this vegetation, the
relative humidity would not be so great.* [Balloon ascents and
observations on small mountainous islands, therefore, offer the best
means of solving such questions: of these, the results of ballooning,
under Mr. Welsh's intrepid and skilful pioneering (see Phil. Trans.
for 1853), have proved most satisfactory; though, from the time for
observation being short, and from the interference of belts of
vapour, some anomalies have not been eliminated. Islands again are
still more exposed to local influences, which may be easily
eliminated in a long series of observations. I think that were two
islands, as different in their physical characters as St. Helena and
Ascension, selected for comparative observations, at various
elevations, the laws that regulate the distribution of humidity in
the upper regions might be deduced without difficulty. They are
advantageous sites, from differing remarkably in their humidity.
Owing partly to the indestructible nature of its component rock (a
glassy basalt), the lower parts of Ascension have never yielded to
the corroding effects of the moist sea air which surrounds it; which
has decomposed the upper part into a deep bed of clay. Hence
Ascension does not support a native tree, or even shrub, two feet
high. St. Helena, on the other hand, which can hardly be considered
more favourably situated for humidity, was clothed with a redundant
vegetation when discovered, and trees and tree-ferns (types of
humidity) still spread over its loftiest summits. Here the humidity,
vegetation, and mineral and mechanical composition reciprocate their
influences.]

The great amount of relative humidity registered at 6000 to 8000
feet, arises from most of the observations having been made on the
outer range, where the atmosphere is surcharged. The majority of
those at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, which also give a disproportionate
amount of humidity, were registered at the Zemu and Thlonok rivers,
where the narrowness of the valleys, the proximity of great snowy
peaks, and the rank luxuriance of the vegetation, all favour a
humid atmosphere.

I would have added the relative rain-fall to the above, but this is
so very local a phenomenon, and my observations were so repeatedly
deranged by having to camp in forests, and by local obstacles of all
kinds, that I have suppressed them; their general results I have
given in Appendix F.

I here add a few observations, taken on the plains at the foot of the
Sikkim Himalaya during the spring months.


_Comparison between Temperature and Humidity of the Sikkim Terai
and Calcutta, in March and April, 1849._

Elev.
No. above TEMP. D.P. TENSION SAT.
of sea.
Obs. Locality Feet C. T. C. T. C. T. C. T.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
4 Rummai 293 82.2 70.6 61.7 60.5 .553 .532 .517 .717
4 Belakoba 368 92.8 85.5 62.6 63.0 .570 .578 .382 .485
3 Rangamally 275 84.2 75.0 68.7 62.5 .695 .568 .605 .665
3 Bhojepore 404 90.1 81.2 54.1 44.3 .429 .308 .313 .295
4 Thakyagunj 284 84.9 77.1 61.3 60.8 .547 .537 .466 .588
3 Bhatgong 225 87.4 74.9 64.7 54.6 .611 .436 .480 .512
2 Sahigunj 231 80.2 68.0 66.2 53.1 .642 .414 .635 .409
8 Titalya 362 85.5 80.0 55.4 56.1 .448 .459 .376 .459
---------------------------------------------------------------------
31 Means 305 85.9 79.0 61.8 56.9 .562 .479 .472 .516
May, 1850 ) 131 89.7 K78.6 76.7 K71.4 .904 K.759 .665 K.793
Kishengunj)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Vapour in a cubic foot--Kishengunj 8.20 Terai 5.08
Calcutta 9.52 Calcutta 5.90
Mean difference of temperature between Terai and Calcutta, from
31 observations in March, as above,
excluding minima Terai--6.9
Mean difference from 26 observations in March,
including minima Terai--9.7
Mean difference of temperature at Siligore on May 1, 1850-- 10.9
Mean difference of temperature at Kishengunj on May 1, 1850-- 11.1


From the above, it appears that during the spring months, and before
the rains commence, the belt of sandy and grassy land along the
Himalaya, though only 3.5 degrees north of Calcutta, is at least 6
degrees or 7 degrees colder, and always more humid relatively, though
there is absolutely less moisture suspended in the air. After the
rains commence; I believe that this is in a great measure inverted,
the plains becoming excessively heated, and the temperature being
higher than at Calcutta. This indeed follows from the well known fact
that the summer heat increases greatly in advancing north-west from
the Bay of Bengal to the trans-Sutledge regions; it is admirably
expressed in the maps of Dove's great work "On the Distribution of
Heat on the Surface of the Globe."


APPENDIX H.

ON THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL AT VARIOUS ELEVATIONS.

These observations were taken by burying a brass tube two feet six
inches to three feet deep, in exposed soil, and sinking in it, by a
string or tied to a slip of wood, a thermometer whose bulb was well
padded with wool: this, after a few hours' rest, indicates the
temperature of the soil. Such a tube and thermometer I usually caused
to be sunk wherever I halted, if even for one night, except during
the height of the rains, which are so heavy that they communicate to
the earth a temperature considerably above that of the air.

The results proved that the temperature of the soil at Dorjiling
varies with that of the month, from 46 degrees to 62.2 degrees, but
is hardly affected by the diurnal variation, except in extreme cases.
In summer, throughout the rains, May to October, the temperature is
that of the month, which is imparted by the rain to the depth of
eleven feet during heavy continued falls (of six to twelve inches a
day), on which occasions I have seen the buried thermometer
indicating a temperature above the mean of the month. Again, in the
winter months, December and January, it stands 5 degrees above the
monthly mean; in November and February 4 degrees to 5 degrees; in
March a few degrees below the mean temperature of the month, and in
October above it; April and May being sunny, it stands above their
mean; June to September a little below the mean temperature of
each respectively.

The temperature of the soil is affected by:--1. The exposure of the
surface; 2. The nature of the soil; 3. Its permeability by rain, and
the presence of underground springs; 4. The sun's declination;
5. The elevation above the sea, and consequently the heating power of
the sun's rays: and 6, The amount of cloud and sunshine.

The appended observations, though taken at sixty-seven places, are
far from being sufficient to supply data for the exact estimation of
the effects of the sun on the soil at any elevation or locality;
they, however, indicate with tolerable certainty the main features of
this phenomenon, and these are in entire conformity with more ample
series obtained elsewhere. The result, which at first sight appears
the most anomalous, is, that the mean temperature of the soil, at two
or three feet depth, is almost throughout the year in India above
that of the surrounding atmosphere. This has been also ascertained to
be the case in England by several observers, and the carefully
conducted observations of Mr. Robert Thompson at the Horticultural
Society's Gardens at Chiswick, show that the temperature of the soil
at that place is, on the mean of six years, at the depth of one foot,
1 degree above that of the air, and at two feet 1.5 degrees. During
the winter months the soil is considerably (l degree to 3 degrees)
warmer than the air, and during summer the soil is a fraction of a
degree cooler than the air.

In India, the sun's declination being greater, these effects are much
exaggerated, the soil on the plains being in winter sometimes 9
degrees hotter than the air; and at considerable elevations in the
Himalaya very much more than that; in summer also, the temperature of
the soil seldom falls below that of the air, except where copious
rain-falls communicate a low temperature, or where forests interfere
with the sun's rays.

At considerable elevations these effects are so greatly increased,
that it is extremely probable that at certain localities the mean
temperature of the soil may be even 10 degrees warmer than that of
the air; thus, at Jongri, elevation 13,194 feet, the soil in January
was 34.5 degrees, or 19.2 degrees above the mean temperature of the
month, immediately before the ground became covered with snow for the
remainder of the winter; during the three succeeding months,
therefore, the temperature of the soil probably does not fall below
that of the snow, whilst the mean temperature of the air in January
may be estimated at about 20 degrees, February 22 degrees, March 30
degrees, and April 35 degrees. If, again, we assume the temperature
of the soil of Jongri to be that of other Sikkim localities between
10,000 and 14,000 feet, we may assume the soil to be warmer by 10
degrees in July (see Tungu observations), by 8 degrees or 9 degrees
in September (see Yeumtong); by l0 degrees in October (see Tungu);
and by 7 degrees to l0 degrees in November (see Wallanchoon and
Nanki). These temperatures, however, vary extremely according to
exposure and amount of sunshine; and I should expect that the
greatest differences would be found in the sunny climate of Tibet,
where the sun's heat is most powerful. Were nocturnal or terrestrial
radiation as constant and powerful as solar, the effects of the
latter would be neutralised; but such is not the case at any
elevation in Sikkim.