Sam Vaknin - "Moral Deliberations in Modern Cinema"

Anthony Trollope - "He Knew He Was Right"

MARY E. BAMFORD - "OUT OF THE TRIANGLE"

Charlotte M. Yonge - "Under the Storm"

New Philadelphia Book Publisher Highlights Local Talent
Book and Publishing News from Publishers Newswire(tm)

Looking for Child to be on Cover of a New Book, 'The Model Child'
PHILADELPHIA, Pa. -- The Philadelphia literary world will celebrate the launch of two new players today, April 10th: Kay Square Press, a new publishing company focused on Philadelphia-area artists, their stories, and their art; and Kay Square's first release, 'With the Rich and Mighty: Emlen Etting of Philadelphia' (ISBN: 978-0-9815129-0-7), a critical biography by Kenneth C. Kaleta.

FlatSigned Press Alleges Don Imus Remarks Damage Legacy of President Gerald R. Ford
NEW YORK, N.Y. -- Nathan Yungerberg, an accomplished model scout and professional child photographer is launching a nation-wide casting call to find the cover model for his highly anticipated book release, 'The Model Child: A Parents Guide to the Child Modeling Industry' (ISBN: 978-0-9817018-0-6).

Books: Chess and Checkers: The Way to Mastership

E >> Edward Lasker >> Chess and Checkers: The Way to Mastership




DIAGRAM 19.

Black is a piece down but his two connected passed Pawns
constitute a dangerous threat. White, therefore, does best to
sacrifice a Knight for the two Pawns, as he then remains with two
Pawns against one. Black must finally give up his Bishop for
White's a-Pawn who threatens to queen, and then White wins by
capturing Black's g-Pawn and queening his own. Play might proceed
as follows: (1) Ktxc2, Pxc2; (2) Ktxc2, B-d5; (3) Kt-b4, B-a8;
(4) P-a6, K-g6; (5) P-a7, K-f6; (6) Kt-a6, K-e7; (7) Kt-c7, B-h1;
(8) P-a8 (Queen), Bxa8; (9) Ktxa8, K-f6; (10) Kt-c7, K-g6; (11)
Kt-d5, K-h6; (12) K-f5, K-h7; (13) K-g5, K-h8; (14) K-g6, K-g8;
(15) Kt-e7+, K-h8; (16) Kt-f5, K-g8; (17) Ktxg7, K-h8; (18) K-f7,
K-h7; (19) P-g5, K-h8; (20) Kt-f5, White could not play P-g6, as
Black would have been stalemate. (20) ..., K-h7; (21) P-g6+, K-
h8; (22) P-g7+, K-h7; (23) P-g8 (Queen) mate.

The game endings discussed up to now have illustrated the method
of winning with a superior force and it is now possible for the
beginner to understand that the leading rule for all maneuvers is
to AVOID THE LOSS OF MATERIAL--no matter how small--as it will
ultimately lead to the loss of the game by one pawn or the other
queening.

The next step will be to find out under what conditions it is
possible to gain a man and when it will be possible to avoid
loss. To understand the attacking and defensive maneuvers
involved it is necessary first to become acquainted with the
different ways in which the various pieces can be made to do some
useful work, where their strength lies and where their weakness,
and how they are able to cooperate. Not before all this is clear
to the beginner--in the outlines at least--will he be in a
position to play a sensible game or even to understand the most
elementary strategic principles.

The reader is therefore urged to study carefully the next chapter
in which the characteristic features of the different men are
discussed. In this way he will much more quickly arrive at a fair
playing strength than by relying on the experience which he may
gain in playing a great number of games, trying to find out
everything for himself instead of profiting by the knowledge
which has been gathered by others in centuries of study.



HOW THE DIFFERENT MEN COOPERATE



There are two kinds of elementary attack. One when a single man
attacks two or more hostile men at the same time; the other when
more men are brought up to attack an opposing man than can be
mustered for defense. The beginner, as a rule, makes attacks with
the sole aim of driving away a hostile piece; it is clear that
these attempts will in most cases be futile as they generally
allow the attacked piece to move to another square just as or
perhaps more favorable. The advantage of attacking two men at
once is evident in that probably only one of them can be saved.
The advantage of bringing up more men for attack than can be
gathered for defense is not less obvious, but will be found more
difficult to carry out. Using both methods of attack in
conjunction is the secret of the successful cooperation of the
men.

In the following diagrams simple illustrations are shown of
elementary cases of such attacks. These positions often occur in
games of beginners on account of their placing the men on
unfavorable squares. In studying them the eye of the beginner
will become accustomed to dangerous formations of the pieces and
he will be able to foresee similar threats in his games.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | | | | #K | | #Kt| #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #B | #P | | #B | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | #P | #Kt| #P | | #Q | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | | | #P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | ^B | | ^P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | ^Kt| ^P | ^B | ^Kt| | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | | ^Q | | ^R | ^K | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 20.

This is especially true of the mating positions which are
discussed below in connection with attacks instituted by the
Queen in the middle of the game. It is these attacks to which the
beginner at an early stage of the game falls victim in ninety out
of a hundred cases when playing against an experienced opponent.

In the position of Diagram 20 White on the move wins the exchange
and thereby practically the game by playing (1) Kt-d5. With this
move he attacks the Queen and at the same time the Pawn c7.
Black, in order not to lose the Queen, must move her, but he
cannot move her so that she will protect the Pawn c7.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | #Kt| #B | | #K | #B | | #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | | | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | #Q | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | | | #P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | | | ^P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | ^Kt| | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | | ^Q | ^K | ^B | ^Kt| ^R |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 21.

On the next move White will, therefore, take the Pawn calling
Check and at the same time attacking the Rook a8. The King must
move and the Knight takes the Rook.

Quite frequently a similar attack with the Knight is likely to
win the Queen if the opponent is not familiar with situations of
that kind. If in the position of Diagram 21 White plays (1) Kt-
d5, Black must protect the Pawn c7 by Q-d8 or Q-d6, but not by Q-
c6; for in the latter case White would continue with (2) B-b5,
Qxb5; (3) Ktxc7+ and (4) Ktxb5.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | #Kt| #B | | #K | #B | | #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | | | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | #P | #Kt| | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | #Q | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | ^B | ^P | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | ^Kt| | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | ^B | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | | ^Q | ^K | | ^Kt| ^R |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 22.

Sometimes two pieces are involved in the double attack, the line
of one of the pieces being discovered by the other. Thus, in the
position of Diagram 22, which could be brought about by the moves
(1) P-e4, P-d5; (2) Pxd5, Qxd5; (3) Kt-c3, Q-a5; (4) P-d4, Kt-f6;
(5) B-c4, P-e6; (6) B-d2, white threatens to play (7) Kt-d5,
uncovering the Bishop d2 on Black's Queen and at the same time
attacking the Pawn c7, which Black cannot keep protected.

Threats of this kind more frequently occur in connection with a
discovered Check. As an example the following opening will serve:
(1) P-e4, P-e5; (2) Kt-f3, Kt-f6; (3) Ktxe5, Ktxe4; (4) Q-e2, Kt-
f6. Black's last move exposes his King to a discovered Check, and
White wins the Queen by playing (5) Kt-c6+.

Next to the Knight the Queen is most frequently in a position to
carry out a double attack. Two typical examples are shown in the
following diagrams.

After the opening moves (1) P-e4, P-e5; (2) P-f4, B-C5; (3)
Pxe5?? the position of Diagram 23 is reached, in which Black wins
a Rook by Q-h4+. White cannot reply (4) K-e2 on account of Qxe4
mate. His only move is (4) P-g3 and then follows Qxe4 attacking
King and Rook simultaneously.

This opening offers another opportunity to demonstrate the
dangerous mobility of the Queen. Instead of (3) Pxe5 White should
have played (3) Kt-f3. The game could then have continued as
follows: P-d6; (4) B-c4, Kt-f6; (5) Pxe5, Pxe5: Again White
cannot win the Pawn e5 for (6) Ktxe5 would be answered by Q-d4,
attacking Knight and Bishop and threatening mate on f2.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | #Kt| #B | #Q | #K | | #Kt| #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | #P | | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | #B | | ^P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | | | ^P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | ^Kt| ^B | ^Q | ^K | ^B | ^Kt| ^R |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 23.

Diagram 24 shows a typical case of a double threat with the Queen
in conjunction with other pieces. White on the move plays B-d3,
and now Black cannot castle as White would continue with Q-e4
threatening mate through Qxh7 and at the same time attacking the
Bishop e7 for the second time who is only once protected. Black
would have to defend the mate by either P-g6 or P-f5 or Q-h5 and
White would capture the Bishop.

When castling on the King side a player must always beware of an
attack by the Queen and another piece on the King's Rook's Pawn.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | | #B | | #K | | | #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | #P | #B | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | ^B | #Q | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | ^P | | | ^Q | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | ^B | | ^R | | ^K | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 24.

In the case illustrated above it was the Bishop who assisted the
Queen. A Knight could aid in an attack on h7 from either g5 or
f6. More frequently he does so from g5 as usually the square f6
is not accessible to him on account of the Pawn g7 protecting it.
In the majority of cases the Knight goes to g5 from f3, and the
Queen attacks h7 from h5, coming from her original square d1.
Then, if Black cannot protect h7 by a Knight from f6 or by the
Bishop, from f5 for instance, or from g6, the only protection as
a rule is to advance the Pawn to h6. The position of Diagram 25
may serve as an example.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | #Kt| #B | #Q | #K | | | #R |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | #P | #Kt| #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | #B | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | ^B | #P | ^P | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | | | | ^Kt| | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R |^Kt | ^B | ^Q | ^K | | | ^R |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 25

Black's last move was Kt-e7, while Kt-f6, which protects the Pawn
h7 against future attacks, is generally preferable in any
opening. White can now play Kt-g5, attacking the Pawn f7 for the
second time, as it is already attacked by the Bishop c4. The
student will, at this stage of his development, not yet know why
Black should be so anxious to defend the Pawn f7, considering
that he is a Pawn ahead so that the loss of a Pawn would only
equalize the forces but would not give White a material
advantage. However, later on, when discussing the strategy of the
opening, it will become evident that in the position of the
diagram Black must, under all circumstances, defend the Pawn f7
as otherwise his game would soon become hopeless on account of
the exposed position of his King.

There are only two ways for Black to defend f7. One is to advance
the Queen's Pawn to d5, interrupting the diagonal of White's
Bishop; the other is to castle, so that the Rook procures the
second protection for the Pawn f7 which is needed. It would then
not be good for White to capture the Pawn because he would have
to give up Knight and Bishop for Rook and one Pawn, which is not
a sufficient equivalent.

Of the two ways indicated only the first one is feasible. For if
Black castles he gives White an opportunity to institute an
attack on the weak Pawn h7 with Knight and Queen against which
Black has no satisfactory defense. Play would develop as follows:

(1) Kt-g5 o-o
(2) Q-h5 P-h6

This is the only defense against the threat Qxh7 mate. But
White's Queen's move involved a double threat. It brought up a
third attack on the Pawn f7, and the latter now falls, forcing
Black to give up some more material.

(3) Ktxf7 Rxf7

Black has to sacrifice the exchange. If he moved the Queen, which
is attacked by the Knight, he would expose his King to a deadly
double check, viz.: (4) Ktxh6++, K-h8 or h7; (5) Kt-f7+
(discovered), K-g8; (6) Q-h8 mate. After giving up his Rook for
the Knight on the third move Black has a lost game, for as
explained in the previous chapter White can simply exchange all
pieces and force the win in the ending with his superior
material.

Another square which after castling on the King side is often the
mark of attack for the Queen in connection with either Knight or
Bishop, is the one immediately in front of the King in the
Knight's file. Diagram 26 illustrates several possibilities of
this kind. White, on the move, can play (1) Q-g5, attacking for
the second time the Pawn g7 which is only once protected. The
threat, however, is not only to win a Pawn, but to win the game,
for in taking the Pawn with the Queen White would checkmate
Black's King.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | | | | | #R | #K | |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | | | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | #B | | #P | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | #Q | | #P | ^Kt| | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | #Kt| | | ^P | | | ^B |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | ^P | | ^P | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | | ^P | ^P | ^Q | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | | | | ^R | ^K | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 26

The only defense at Black's disposal is P-g6, but this move helps
only temporarily. White can force the mate within a few moves in
different ways. One would be the following:

(2) Kt-h6+ K-g7

If the King goes to h8 White mates by Q-f6.

(3) Q-f6+ Kxh6
(4) B-g5+ K-h5
(5) P-h3

and the mate through P-g4 cannot be protected.
Another way would be:

(2) Q-h6 Pxf5
(3) B-f6

and the mate through Q-g7 cannot be protected.

The position of Diagram 26 enables another mating attack for
White, demonstrating the possibility of mating with Bishop and
Knight in the middle of a game, which occurs oftener than one
would be inclined to think. White can play (1) B-f6 instead of Q-
g5 as suggested above. Black cannot take the Bishop as White
would continue Q-h6 with Q-g7 mate. Neither can Black play P-g6
as then White would mate right away with Kt-h6. The latter mate
with Knight and Bishop White can force, even if Black does not
move the Pawn g7 but makes some other indifferent move, as for
instance Qxc2. White would then make the surprising move Q-h6,
allowing Black to take the Queen. In doing so, however, Black
again enables the mate Kt-h6.

The only move which Black could try in answer to (1) B-f6 is P-
h6, preventing the Queen from occupying g5. Now Qxh6 would not be
feasible as after Pxh6 White does not mate with Ktxh6, but leaves
the square h7 open to Black's King.


+---------------------------------------+
8 | #R | | #B | #Q | | #R | | #K |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | #P | #P | #P | ^Kt| #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | #Kt| | | ^R | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | ^P | ^P | ^P | | ^P | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | ^R | | ^B | ^Q | | | ^K | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 27.

However, White wins easily through (2) Ktxh6+. If Black takes the
Knight, White mates with Qxh6 and Q-g7. If Black does not take
but plays K-h7, White goes back with the Knight to f5, again
threatening Q-g5 and Qxg7. (3) ..., R-g8 is of no avail, as (4)
Q-g5 threatens mate of h5 which can only be prevented by either
P-g6 or a move with the Rook, after which White mates by either
Q-h6 or Qxg7.

It remains to show some examples of the cooperation of Rooks with
other pieces. Diagram 27 shows one of the positions in which the
beginner is frequently caught.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | | | #R | | | | #K | |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | ^R | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | | | | | | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | #B | | | ^Kt| | | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | #P | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^K | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | | | | | | | | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 28.

White plays (1) Q-h5, and if Black makes an indifferent move he
mates through (2) Qxh7+, Kxh7; (3) R-h5.

Black could try to defend himself with (1) ..., P-g6. White can
then continue with (2) Q-h6 and again Black cannot make an
indifferent move such as P-d6 for instance, as White would have
another mate in two moves, namely (3) R-h5 (threatening Qxh7),
Pxh5; (4) Q-f6.

More frequent than the mate with Rook and Knight shown above is
one which usually occurs in the end game and which is illustrated
in Diagram 28.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | | | #R | | #R | | #K | |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | #P | | | | | #P | | |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | #P | | | #P | | #P | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | #Q | | | #P | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | | #Kt| | | | ^P | | ^B |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | ^P | | | ^P | ^R | | |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | ^P | | | | ^Q | | ^P | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | | | | ^R | | | | ^K |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 29.

White plays Kt-f6+ and Black cannot go with the King into the
corner as the Rook would mate him on h7. After K-f8 White draws
the game through perpetual check; for after (2) Kt-h7+, K-e8; (3)
Kt-f6+ the King must go back to f8 as on d8 he would be mated by
R-d7. Consequently White can check the King indefinitely on h7
and f6.

An example for the cooperation of Rook and Bishop is shown in
Diagram 29. White plays B-f6, and there is no way for Black to
prevent the mate threatened through R-h3 followed by R-h8.

It is evident that the force of the Rooks will increase as the
board gets emptier through the exchange of men, for they will
then find more open lines to act in. One of the most important
lines for Rooks to occupy is--especially in the ending --the one
in which most of the attackable Pawns of the opponent are
standing, that is in the majority of cases the second or the
seventh rank respectively. If both Rooks cooperate with each
other in this rank they usually decide the victory within a short
time.

Following is an example which is taken from a master game. As far
as the material is concerned the players are about even, as the
Queen is worth as much as the two Rooks while Knight and Bishop
are an approximate equivalent of the Black Rook and the Pawn
which Black is ahead. The Pawn a4 is rather dangerous for White,
as he needs only three more moves to reach the first rank where
he can be promoted into any piece. On the other hand the Rooks
doubled in the seventh rank give White so strong an attack on the
Black King that he forces the mate before Black succeeds in
realizing the advantage of his advanced passed Pawn.

+---------------------------------------+
8 | | | | | #R | #K | | |
|---------------------------------------|
7 | | #P | ^R | ^R | | #P | #P | #P |
|---------------------------------------|
6 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
5 | | | | | | | | |
|---------------------------------------|
4 | #P | | | | ^P | ^Kt| | |
|---------------------------------------|
3 | | | | | | | ^P | ^B |
|---------------------------------------|
2 | #Q | | | | | ^P | | ^P |
|---------------------------------------|
1 | | | | | | | ^K | |
+---------------------------------------+
a b c d e f g h

DIAGRAM 30.

It is White's move. If Black's Queen did not protect the Pawn f7
White would be able to give a mate in five moves, thus: (I)
Rxf7+, K-g8; (2) Rxg7+, K-h8 (not K-f8 on account of Rc7-f7
mate); (3) Rxh7+, K-g8; (4) R-g7+ and Kt-g6 mate.

Therefore, White will try to interrupt the diagonal in which the
Queen defends the threat, and he can do so by (1) Kt-d5. Black
being unable to keep f7 protected, must defend g7 or h7, or he
will be mated. In the game in question Black played Q-a1+ ; (2)
K-g2, P-a3. After (3) Rxf7+, K-g8 it would not be good for White
to take g7, giving up the two Rooks for the Queen, as he would
then have no more attack while Black still has the dangerous Pawn
in the a-line. If possible he will rather interrupt again the
diagonal of Black's Queen. This suggests the move (4) Kt-f6+.
After Pxf6 White's Rooks are at last free to act unmolested in
the seventh rank, and they do it with deadly effect. White forces
the mate through (5) R-g7+, K-h8; (6) Rxh7+, K-g8; (7) Rh7-g7+,
K-h8; (8) B-f5! Now R-g4 is threatened followed by R-h7 mate, and
Black has no defense.