Immanuel Kant - "The Metaphysical Elements of Ethics"

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John Lothrop Motley - "History of the United Netherlands, 1588"

John Lord - "The Old Roman World"

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Books: Hypatia

C >> Charles Kingsley >> Hypatia




She dashed away the tears, and proudly entered the lecture-hall, and
ascended the tribune like a goddess, amid the shouts of her
audience.... What did she care for them? Would they do what she
told them? She was half through her lecture before she could
recollect herself, and banish from her mind the thought of Raphael.
And at that point we will take the lecture up.
...............

'Truth? Where is truth but in the soul itself? Facts, objects, are
but phantoms matter-woven--ghosts of this earthly night, at which
the soul, sleeping here in the mire and clay of matter, shudders and
names its own vague tremors sense and perception. Yet, even as our
nightly dreams stir in us the suspicion of mysterious and immaterial
presences, unfettered by the bonds of time and space, so do these
waking dreams which we call sight and sound. They are divine
messengers, whom Zeus, pitying his children, even when he pent them
in this prison-house of flesh, appointed to arouse in them dim
recollections of that real world of souls whence they came.
Awakened once to them; seeing, through the veil of sense and fact,
the spiritual truth of which they are but the accidental garment,
concealing the very thing which they make palpable, the philosopher
may neglect the fact for the doctrine, the shell for the kernel, the
body for the soul, of which it is but the symbol and the vehicle.
What matter, then, to the philosopher whether these names of men,
Hector or Priam, Helen or Achilles, were ever visible as phantoms of
flesh and blood before the eyes of men? What matter whether they
spoke or thought as he of Scios says they did? What matter, even,
whether he himself ever had earthly life? The book is here--the
word which men call his. Let the thoughts thereof have been at first
whose they may, now they are mine. I have taken them to myself, and
thought them to myself, and made them parts of my own soul. Nay,
they were and ever will be parts of me; for they, even as the poet
was, even as I am, are but a part of the universal soul. What
matter, then, what myths grew up around those mighty thoughts of
ancient seers? Let others try to reconcile the Cyclic fragments, or
vindicate the Catalogue of ships. What has the philosopher lost,
though the former were proved to be contradictory, and the latter
interpolated? The thoughts are there, and ours, Let us open our
hearts lovingly to receive them, from whencesoever they may have
come. As in men, so in books, the soul is all with which our souls
must deal; and the soul of the book is whatsoever beautiful, and
true, and noble we can find in it. It matters not to us whether the
poet was altogether conscious of the meanings which we can find in
him. Consciously or unconsciously to him, the meanings must be
there; for were they not there to be seen, how could we see them?
There are those among the uninitiate vulgar--and those, too, who
carry under the philosophic cloak hearts still uninitiate--who
revile such interpretations as merely the sophistic and arbitrary
sports of fancy. It lies with them to show what Homer meant, if our
spiritual meanings be absurd; to tell the world why Homer is
admirable, if that for which we hold him up to admiration does not
exist in him. Will they say that the honour which he has enjoyed
for ages was inspired by that which seems to be his first and
literal meaning? And more, will they venture to impute that literal
meaning to him? can they suppose that the divine soul of Homer could
degrade itself to write of actual and physical feastings, and
nuptials, and dances, actual nightly thefts of horses, actual
fidelity of dogs and swineherds, actual intermarriages between
deities and men, or that it is this seeming vulgarity which has won
for him from the wisest of every age the title of the father of
poetry? Degrading thought! fit only for the coarse and sense-bound
tribe who can appreciate nothing but what is palpable to sense and
sight! As soon believe the Christian scriptures, when they tell us
of a deity who has hands and feet, eyes and ears, who condescends to
command the patterns of furniture and culinary utensils, and is made
perfect by being born--disgusting thought!--as the son of a village
maiden, and defiling himself with the wants and sorrows of the
lowest slaves!'

'It is false! blasphemous! The Scriptures cannot lie!' cried a
voice from the farther end of the room.

It was Philammon's. He had been listening to the whole lecture; and
yet not so much listening as watching, in bewilderment, the beauty
of the speaker, the grace of her action, the melody of her voice,
and last, but not least, the maze of her rhetoric, as it glittered
before his mind's eye like a cobweb diamonded with dew. A sea of
new thoughts and questions, if not of doubts, came rushing in at
every sentence on his acute Greek intellect, all the more
plentifully and irresistibly because his speculative faculty was as
yet altogether waste and empty, undefended by any scientific culture
from the inrushing flood. For the first time in his life he found
himself face to face with the root-questions of all thought--'What
am I, and where?' 'What can I know?' And in the half-terrified
struggle with them, he had all but forgotten the purpose for which
he entered the lecture-hall. He felt that he must break the spell.
Was she not a heathen and a false prophetess? Here was something
tangible to attack; and half in indignation at the blasphemy, half
in order to force himself into action, he had sprung up and spoken.

A yell arose. 'Turn the monk out!''Throw the rustic through the
window!' cried a dozen young gentlemen. Several of the most valiant
began to scramble over the benches up to him; and Philammon was
congratulating himself on the near approach of a glorious martyrdom,
when Hypatia's voice, calm and silvery, stifled the tumult in a
moment.

'Let the youth listen, gentlemen. He is but a monk and a plebeian,
and knows no better; he has been taught thus. Let him sit here
quietly, and perhaps we may be able to teach him otherwise.'

And without interrupting, even by a change of tone, the thread of
her discourse, she continued--

'Listen, then, to a passage from the sixth book of the _Iliad_, in
which last night I seemed to see glimpses of some mighty mystery.
You know it well: yet I will read it to you; the very sound and pomp
of that great verse may tune our souls to a fit key for the
reception of lofty wisdom. For well said Abamnon the Teacher, that
"the soul consisted first of harmony and rhythm, and ere it gave
itself to the body, had listened to the divine harmony. Therefore
it is that when, after having come into a body, it hears such
melodies as most preserve the divine footstep of harmony, it
embraces such, and recollects from them that divine harmony, and is
impelled to it, and finds its home in it, and shares of it as much
as it can share."'

And therewith fell on Philammon's ear, for the first time, the
mighty thunder-roll of Homer's verse--

So spoke the stewardess: but Hector rushed
From the house, the same way back, down stately streets,
Through the broad city, to the Scaian gates,
Whereby he must go forth toward the plain,
There running toward him came Andromache,
His ample-dowered wife, Eetion's child--
Eetion the great-hearted, he who dwelt
In Thebe under Placos, and the woods
Of Placos, ruling over Kilic men.
His daughter wedded Hector brazen-helmed,
And met him then; and with her came a maid,
Who bore in arms a playful-hearted babe
An infant still, akin to some fair star,
Only and well-loved child of Hector's house,
Whom he had named Scamandrios, but the rest
Astyanax, because his sire alone
Upheld the weal of Ilion the holy.
He smiled in silence, looking on his child
But she stood close to him, with many tears;
And hung upon his hand, and spoke, and called him.
'My hero, thy great heart will wear thee out;
Thou pitiest not thine infant child, nor me
The hapless, soon to be thy widow;
The Greeks will slay thee, falling one and all
Upon thee: but to me were sweeter far,
Having lost thee, to die; no cheer to me
Will come thenceforth, if thou shouldst meet thy fate;
Woes only: mother have I none, nor sire.
For that my sire divine Achilles slew,
And wasted utterly the pleasant homes
Of Kilic folk in Thebe lofty-walled,
And slew Eetion with the sword! yet spared
To strip the dead: awe kept his soul from that.
Therefore he burnt him in his graven arms,
And heaped a mound above him; and around
The damsels of the Aegis-holding Zeus,
The nymphs who haunt the upland, planted elms.
And seven brothers bred with me in the halls,
All in one day went down to Hades there;
For all of them swift-foot Achilles slew
Beside the lazy kine and snow-white sheep.
And her, my mother, who of late was queen
Beneath the woods of Places, he brought here
Among his other spoils; yet set her free
Again, receiving ransom rich and great.
But Artemis, whose bow is all her joy,
Smote her to death within her father's halls.
Hector! so thou art father to me now,
Mother, and brother, and husband fair and strong!
Oh, come now, pity me, and stay thou here
Upon the tower, nor make thy child an orphan
And me thy wife a widow; range the men
Here by the fig-tree, where the city lies
Lowest, and where the wall can well be scaled;
For here three times the best have tried the assault
Round either Ajax, and Idomeneus,
And round the Atridai both, and Tydeus' son,
Whether some cunning seer taught them craft,
Or their own spirit stirred and drove them on.'
Then spake tall Hector, with the glancing helm
All this I too have watched, my wife; yet much
I hold in dread the scorn of Trojan men
And Trojan women with their trailing shawls,
If, like a coward, I should skulk from war.
Beside, I have no lust to stay; I have learnt
Aye to be bold, and lead the van of fight,
To win my father, and myself, a name.
For well I know, at heart and in my thought,
The day will come when Ilios the holy
Shall lie in heaps, and Priam, and the folk
Of ashen-speared Priam, perish all.
But yet no woe to come to Trojan men,
Nor even to Hecabe, nor Priam king,
Nor to my brothers, who shall roll in dust,
Many and fair, beneath the strokes of foes,
So moves me, as doth thine, when thou shalt go
Weeping, led off by some brass-harnessed Greek,
Robbed of the daylight of thy liberty,
To weave in Argos at another's loom,
Or bear the water of Messeis home,
Or Hypereia, with unseemly toils,
While heavy doom constrains thee, and perchance
The folk may say, who see thy tears run down,
"This was the wife of Hector, best in fight
At Ilium, of horse-taming Trojan men."
So will they say perchance; while unto thee
Now grief will come, for such a husband's loss,
Who might have warded off the day of thrall.
But may the soil be heaped above my corpse
Before I hear thy shriek and see thy shame!'
He spoke, and stretched his arms to take the child,
But back the child upon his nurse's breast
Shrank crying, frightened at his father's looks.
Fearing the brass and crest of horse's hair
Which waved above the helmet terribly.
Then out that father dear and mother laughed,
And glorious Hector took the helmet off,
And laid it gleaming on the ground, and kissed
His darling child, and danced him in his arm;
And spoke in prayer to Zeus, and all the gods
'Zeu, and ye other gods, oh grant that this
My child, like me, may grow the champion here
As good in strength, and rule with might in Troy
That men may say, "The boy is better far
Than was his sire," when he returns from war,
Bearing a gory harness, having slain
A foeman, and his mothers heart rejoice.
Thus saying, on the hands of his dear wife
He laid the child; and she received him back
In fragrant bosom, smiling through her tears.

[Footnote: The above lines are not meant as a 'translation,' but as
an humble attempt to give the literal sense in some sort of metre.
It would be an act of arrogance even to aim at success where Pope
and Chapman failed. It is simply, I believe, impossible to render
Homer into English verse; because, for one reason among many, it is
impossible to preserve the pomp of sound, which invests with
grandeur his most common words. How can any skill represent the
rhythm of Homeric Greek in a language which--to take the first verse
which comes to hand--transforms 'boos megaloio boeien,' into 'great
ox's hide'?]

'Such is the myth. Do you fancy that in it Homer meant to hand down
to the admiration of ages such earthly commonplaces as a mother's
brute affection, and the terrors of an infant? Surely the deeper
insight of the philosopher may be allowed without the reproach of
fancifulness, to see in it the adumbration of some deeper mystery!

'The elect soul, for instance--is not its name Astyanax, king of the
city; by the fact of its ethereal parentage, the leader and lord of
all around it, though it knows it not? A child as yet, it lies upon
the fragrant bosom of its mother Nature, the nurse and yet the enemy
of man--Andromache, as the poet well names her, because she fights
with that being, when grown to man's estate, whom as a child she
nourished. Fair is she, yet unwise; pampering us, after the fashion
of mothers, with weak indulgences; fearing to send us forth into the
great realities of speculation, there to forget her in the pursuit
of glory, she would have us while away our prime within the harem,
and play for ever round her knees. And has not the elect soul a
father, too, whom it knows not? Hector, he who is without--
unconfined, unconditioned by Nature, yet its husband?--the all-
pervading, plastic Soul, informing, organising, whom men call Zeus
the lawgiver, Aether the fire, Osiris the lifegiver; whom here the
poet has set forth as the defender of the mystic city, the defender
of harmony, and order, and beauty throughout the universe? Apart
sits his great father--Priam, the first of existences, father of
many sons, the Absolute Reason; unseen, tremendous, immovable, in
distant glory; yet himself amenable to that abysmal unity which
Homer calls Fate, the source of all which is, yet in Itself Nothing,
without predicate, unnameable.

'From It and for It the universal Soul thrills through the whole
Creation, doing the behests of that Reason from which it overflowed,
unwillingly, into the storm and crowd of material appearances;
warring with the brute forces of gross matter, crushing all which is
foul and dissonant to itself, and clasping to its bosom the
beautiful, and all wherein it discovers its own reflex; impressing
on it its signature, reproducing from it its own likeness, whether
star, or daemon, or soul of the elect:--and yet, as the poet hints
in anthropomorphic language, haunted all the while by a sadness--
weighed down amid all its labours by the sense of a fate--by the
thought of that First One from whom the Soul is originally
descended; from whom it, and its Father the Reason before it, parted
themselves when they dared to think and act, and assert their own
free will.

'And in the meanwhile, alas! Hector, the father, fights around,
while his children sleep and feed; and he is away in the wars, and
they know him not-know not that they the individuals are but parts
of him the universal. And yet at moments--oh! thrice blessed they
whose celestial parentage has made such moments part of their
appointed destiny--at moments flashes on the human child the
intuition of the unutterable secret. In the spangled glory of the
summer night--in the roar of the Nile-flood, sweeping down fertility
in every wave--in the awful depths of the temple-shrine--in the wild
melodies of old Orphic singers, or before the images of those gods
of whose perfect beauty the divine theosophists of Greece caught a
fleeting shadow, and with the sudden might of artistic ecstasy smote
it, as by an enchanter's wand, into an eternal sleep of snowy stone
--in these there flashes on the inner eye a vision beautiful and
terrible, of a force, an energy, a soul, an idea, one and yet
million-fold, rushing through all created things, like the wind
across a lyre, thrilling the strings into celestial harmony--one
life-blood through the million veins of the universe, from one great
unseen heart, whose thunderous pulses the mind hears far away,
beating for ever in the abysmal solitude, beyond the heavens and the
galaxies, beyond the spaces and the times, themselves but veins and
runnels from its all-teeming sea.


'Happy, thrice happy! they who once have dared, even though
breathless, blinded with tears of awful joy, struck down upon their
knees in utter helplessness, as they feel themselves but dead leaves
in the wind which sweeps the universe--happy they who have dared to
gaze, if but for an instant, on the terror of that glorious pageant;
who have not, like the young Astyanax, clung shrieking to the breast
of mother Nature, scared by the heaven-wide flash of Hector's arms,
and the glitter of his rainbow crest! Happy, thrice happy,! even
though their eyeballs, blasted by excess of light, wither to ashes
in their sockets!--Were it not a noble end to have seen Zeus, and
die like Semele, burnt up by his glory? Happy, thrice happy! though
their mind reel from the divine intoxication, and the hogs of Circe
call them henceforth madmen and enthusiasts. Enthusiasts they are;
for Deity is in them, and they in It. For the time, this burden of
individuality vanishes, and recognising themselves as portions of
the universal Soul, they rise upward, through and beyond that Reason
from whence the soul proceeds, to the fount of all--the ineffable
and Supreme One--and seeing It, become by that act portions of Its
essence. They speak no more, but It speaks in them, and their whole
being, transmuted by that glorious sunlight into whose rays they
have dared, like the eagle, to gaze without shrinking, becomes an
harmonious vehicle for the words of Deity, and passive itself,
utters the secrets of the immortal gods! What wonder if to the
brute mass they seem as dreamers? Be it so .... Smile if you will.
But ask me not to teach you things unspeakable, above all sciences,
which the word-battle of dialectic, the discursive struggles of
reason, can never reach, but which must be seen only, and when seen
confessed to be unspeakable. Hence, thou disputer of the Academy!--
hence, thou sneering Cynic!--hence, thou sense-worshipping Stoic,
who fanciest that the soul is to derive her knowledge from those
material appearances which she herself creates! .... hence--; and
yet no: stay and sneer if you will. It is but a little time--a few
days longer in this prison-house of our degradation, and each thing
shall return to its own fountain; the blood-drop to the abysmal
heart, and the water to the river, and the river to the shining sea;
and the dew-drop which fell from heaven shall rise to heaven again,
shaking off the dust-grains which weighed it down, thawed from the
earth-frost which chained it here to herb and sward, upward and
upward ever through stars and suns, through gods, and through the
parents of the gods, purer and purer through successive lives, till
it enters The Nothing, which is The All, and finds its home at
last.'....

And the speaker stopped suddenly, her eyes glistening with tears,
her whole figure trembling and dilating with rapture. She remained
for a moment motionless, gazing earnestly at her audience, as if in
hopes of exciting in them some kindred glow; and then recovering
herself, added in a more tender tone, not quite unmixed with
sadness--

'Go now, my pupils. Hypatia has no more for you to-day. Go now,
and spare her at least--woman as she is after all--the shame of
finding that she has given you too much, and lifted the veil of Isis
before eyes which are not enough purified to behold the glory of the
goddess.--Farewell!'

She ended: and Philammon, the moment that the spell of her voice was
taken off him, sprang up, and hurried out through the corridor into
the street....

So beautiful! So calm and merciful to him So enthusiastic towards
all which was noble! Had not she too spoken of the unseen world, of
the hope of immortality, of the conquest of the spirit over the
flesh, just as a Christian might have done? Was the gulf between
them so infinite? If so, why had her aspirations awakened echoes in
his own heart--echoes too, just such as the prayers and lessons of
the Laura used to awaken? If the fruit was so like, must not the
root be like also? .... Could that be a counterfeit? That a
minister of Satan in the robes of an angel of light? Light, at
least, it was purity, simplicity, courage, earnestness, tenderness,
flashed out from eye, lip, gesture .... A heathen, who disbelieved?
.... What was the meaning of it all?

But the finishing stroke yet remained which was to complete the
utter confusion of his mind. For before he had gone fifty yards up
the street, his little friend of the fruit-basket, whom he had not
seen since he vanished under the feet of the mob in the gateway of
the theatre, clutched him by the arm, and burst forth, breathless
with running--

'The--gods--heap their favours--on those who--who least deserve
them! Rash and insolent rustic! And this is the reward of thy
madness!'

'Off with you!' said Philammon, who had no mind at the moment to
renew his acquaintance with the little porter. But the guardian of
parasols kept a firm hold on his sheepskin.

'Fool! Hypatia herself commands! Yes, you will see her, have
speech with her! while I--I the illuminated--I the appreciating--I
the obedient--I the adoring--who for these three years past have
grovelled in the kennel, that the hem of her garment might touch the
tip of my little finger--I--I--I--'

'What do you want, madman?'

'She calls for thee, insensate wretch! Theon sent me--breathless at
once with running and with envy--Go! favourite of the unjust gods!'

'Who is Theon?'

'Her father, ignorant! He commands thee to be at her house--here-
opposite--to-morrow at the third hour. Hear and obey! There they
are coming out of the Museum, and all the parasols will get wrong!
Oh, miserable me!' And the poor little fellow rushed back again,
while Philammon, at his wits' end between dread and longing, started
off, and ran the whole way home to the Serapeium, regardless of
carriages, elephants, and foot-passengers; and having been knocked
down by a surly porter, and left a piece of his sheepskin between
the teeth of a spiteful camel-neither of which insults he had time
to resent-arrived at the archbishop's house, found Peter the Reader,
and tremblingly begged an audience from Cyril.



CHAPTER IX: THE SNAPPING OF THE BOW


Cyril heard Philammon's story and Hypatia's message with a quiet
smile, and then dismissed the youth to an afternoon of labour in the
city, commanding him to mention no word of what had happened, and to
come to him that evening and receive his order when he should have
had time to think over the matter. So forth Philammon went with his
companions, through lanes and alleys hideous with filth and poverty,
compulsory idleness and native sin. Fearfully real and practical it
all was; but he saw it all dimly as in a dream. Before his eyes one
face was shining; in his ears one silvery voice was ringing .... 'He
is a monk, and knows no better.' .... True! And how should he know
better? How could he tell how much more there was to know, in that
great new universe, in such a cranny whereof his life had till now
been past? He had heard but one side already. What if there were
two sides? Had he not a right-that is, was it not proper, fair,
prudent, that he should hear both, and then judge?

Cyril had hardly, perhaps, done wisely for the youth in sending him
out about the practical drudgery of benevolence, before deciding for
him what was his duty with regard to Hypatia's invitation. He had
not calculated on the new thoughts which were tormenting the young
monk; perhaps they would have been unintelligible to him bad he
known of them. Cyril had been bred up under the most stern dogmatic
training, in those vast monastic establishments, which had arisen
amid the neighbouring saltpetre quarries of Nitria, where thousands
toiled in voluntary poverty and starvation at vast bakeries,
dyeries, brick-fields, tailors' shops, carpenters' yards, and
expended the profits of their labour, not on themselves, for they
had need of nothing, but on churches, hospitals, and alms. Educated
in that world of practical industrial production as well as of
religious exercise, which by its proximity to the great city
accustomed monks to that world which they despised; entangled from
boyhood in the intrigues of his fierce and ambitious uncle
Theophilus, Cyril had succeeded him in the patriarchate of
Alexandria without having felt a doubt, and stood free to throw his
fiery energy and clear practical intellect into the cause of the
Church without scruple, even, where necessary, without pity. How
could such a man sympathise with the poor boy of twenty, suddenly
dragged forth from the quiet cavern-shadow of the Laura into the
full blaze and roar of the world's noonday? He, too, was cloister-
bred. But the busy and fanatic atmosphere of Nitria, where every
nerve of soul and body was kept on a life-long artificial strain,
without rest, without simplicity, without human affection, was
utterly antipodal to the government of the remote and needy, though
no less industrious commonwealths of Coenobites, who dotted the
lonely mountain-glens, far up into the heart of the Nubian desert.
In such a one Philammon had received, from a venerable man, a
mother's sympathy as well as a father's care; and now he yearned for
the encouragement of a gentle voice, for the greeting of a kindly
eye, and was lonely and sick at heart .... And still Hypatia's
voice haunted his ears, like a strain of music, and would not die
away. That lofty enthusiasm, so sweet and modest in its grandeur--
that tone of pity--in one so lovely it could not be called contempt
--for the many; that delicious phantom of being an elect spirit.
unlike the crowd .... 'And am I altogether like the crowd?' said
Philammon to himself, as he staggered along under the weight of a
groaning fever-patient. 'Can there be found no fitter work for me
than this, which any porter from the quay might do as well? Am I
not somewhat wasted on such toil as this? Have I not an intellect,
a taste, a reason? I could appreciate what she said.--Why should
not my faculties be educated? Why am I only to be shut out from
knowledge? There is a Christian Gnosis as well as a heathen one.
What was permissible to Clement'--he had nearly said to Origen, but
checked himself on the edge of heresy--'is surely lawful for me! Is
not my very craving for knowledge a sign that I am capable of it?
Surely my sphere is the study rather than the street!'