Books: History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan
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Andrew J. Blackbird >> History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan
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ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives take two forms, to agree with the animate or inanimate nouns
to which they belong.
Comparison of adjectives is made by other words: O-ne-zhe-she
(inanimate o-ne-zhe-shin), good; Maw-maw-me (or ne-go-ne) o-ne-zhe (or
-shin), better; Au-pe-tchi o-ne-zhe-she (or -shin), best. A fourth
degree is sometimes used: Maw-mo-me o-ne-zhe-she (or -shin), very best.
The words "Me-no" and "Maw-tchi" or "Mau-tchi," do not change when used
with other words, and they are the most common adjectives in the Ottawa
and Chippewa languages; they are used as adverbs, as well as
adjectives.
"Me-no," is equivalent to good, right, and well; and "Man-tchi," is
equivalent to bad, wicked, evil; as Me-no au-ne-ne, good man; Me-no au-
quay, good woman; Me-no au-way-sin, good animal; Me-no au-ky, good
land; Me-no waw-bo-yon, good blanket; Me-no e-zhe-wa-be-sy, good
behavior, or kind; Me-no au-no-ky, he works well, or doing good
business; Me-no pe-maw-de-sy, he is well; Me-no au-yaw, he is getting
well, or convalescent from sickness; Me-no au-no-kaw-so-win, good
utensil, or handy instrument; Me-no wau-gaw-quat, good ax; Me-no ke-
zhi-gut, good day, or pleasant weather; Me-no au-no-kaw-tchi-gon, good
goods, or nice goods; Me-no e-zhe-wa-be-sy, he or she is kind or good;
Me-no maw-tchaw maw-got, it goes well, etc.
The word "Mau-tchi" is equally useful; as, Mau-tchi an-ne-ne, bad man;
Mau-tchi au-quay, bad woman; Mau-tchi e-zhe-wa-be-sy, bad behavior, or
wicked person; Mau-tchi mau-ne-to, evil spirit, or the devil; Mau-tchi
ke-ge-to, wicked language, or profanity; Mau-tchi wau-gaw-quat, bad ax;
Mau-tchi ke-zhwa, vulgar speaker; Man-tchi no-din, bad wind; Mau-tchi
au-naw-quot, bad cloud; Mau-tchi ke-zhe-got, bad day, or rough weather;
Mau-tchi wig-wom, bad house, or wicked house; Mau-tchi au-no-ke-win,
bad business, etc.
Another adjective equally comprehensive is Kwaw-notch: Kwaw-notch au-
ne-ne, well-behaved man; Kwaw-notch au-quay, pretty woman; Kwaw-notch
au-no-ke-win, good business; Kwaw-notch au-no-kaw-tchi-gon, nice goods;
Kwaw-notchi-won, pretty or nice (inanimate); Kwaw-notchi-we, pretty
(animate); Au-pe-tchi kwaw-notchi-we au-quay, very pretty woman.
The following illustrate the changes of form in adjectives for animate
and inanimate:
Animate. Inanimate.
Me-no-e-zhe-wa-be-sy, Me-no-e-zhe-wa-bawt, Kind, mild.
Ke-no-sy, Ke-nwa, Long, tall.
Ke-zhe-we-sy, Ke-zhe-waw, Hard.
Mush-kaw-we-sy, Mush-kaw-waw, Strong.
Ke-zhe-kaw, or ke-zhe-be-so, Ke-zhe-be-ta, Swift, fleet.
Ko-se-gwan-ny, Ko-se-gwan, Heavy.
Maw-tchi-e-zhe-wa-be-sy, Maw-tchi-e-zhe-wa-bot, Bad.
Ma-tchaw-yaw-au-wish, Ma-tchaw-yaw-e-wish, Wicked.
We-saw-ge-sy, We-saw-gun, Bitter.
Wish-ko-be-sy, Wish-ko-bun, Sweet.
Sou-ge-sy, Sou-gun, Tough.
Se-we-sy, Se-won, Sour.
Maw-kaw-te-we-sy, Maw-kaw-te-waw Black.
Ozaw-we-sy, Ozaw-waw, Yellow.
Ozhaw-wash-ko-sy, Ozhaw-wash-kwaw, Green.
Mis-ko-sy, Mis-kwa, Red
We-bin-go-sy, We-bin-gwaw, Blue.
O-zaw won-so O-zaw won-day, Yellow color.
Maw-kaw-te won-so Maw-kaw-te won-day Black color.
Maw-kaw-te-au-ne-ne, black man Maw-kaw-te-mo-kok, Black box.
Mis-ko au-ne, red man Mis-ko wau-bo-yon, Red blanket.
It will be observed that the last one or two syllables of the adjective
are dropped when in connection with a noun.
VERBS.
Ottawa and Chippewa verbs are changed in their conjugations, to
indicate--
1st. Whether their subjects are animate, or inanimate;
2d. Whether their objects are animate, or inanimate;
3d. Whether they are transitive, or intransitive;
4th. Whether they are active, or passive, or reflective;
5th. Whether the expression is common, or emphatic.
They also express by their forms all of the distinctions of mood and
tense, person and number, found in the English, and form their
participles, and are changed into verbal or participial nouns; and
these modifications are for, the most part regular in form.
I. Verbs with inanimate subjects correspond to English impersonal or
neuter verbs, but are much more extensively used. They are usually
formed by adding the impersonal pronoun, maw-got--it; as,
Animate Subject. Inanimate Subject
Sing-Au-nou-kee, he works. Au-nou-ke-maw-got, it works.
Ke-au-nou-ke, he worked. Ke-an-non-ke-maw-got, it worked.
Au-non-ke-wog, they work. Au-nou-ke-maw-go-toun, things work
Ke-au-nou-ke-wog, they worked. Ke-an-nou-ke-maw-go-toun, things worked.
Standing trees, as well as all living creatures and personified things,
are regarded as animate.
II, III. The distinctions for animate and inanimate objects, and for
transitive and intransitive, are illustrated by the following:
Singular--I kill, Thou killest, etc.
Intransitive. Transitive.
Pers. Animate Object Inanimate Object.
1 Ne-ne-taw-gay Ne-ne-saw Ne-ne-ton
2 Ke-ne-taw-gay Ke-ne-saw Ke-ne-toun
3 Ne-taw-gay O-ne-sawn, or son O-ne-toun
Plural--We kill, You kill, etc.
1 Ne-ne-taw-gay-me Ne-ne-saw-naw Ne-ne-tou-naw
2 Ke-ne-taw-gaym Ke-ne-saw-waw Ke-ne-tou-naw-waw
3 Ne-taw-gay-wog O-ne-saw-wawn or won O-ne-tou-naw-waw
Singular--I see, Thou seest, etc.
1 Ne-waub Ne-waub-maw Ne-waub-don, or dawn
2 Ke-waub Ke-waub-maw Ke-waub-don, or dawn
3 Wau-be O-waub-mon or mawn O-waub-don, or dawn
Plural--We see, You see, etc.
1 Ne-waub-me Ne-waub-maw-naw Ne-waub-daw-naw
2 Ke-wau-bem Ke-waub-maw-waw Ke-waub-daw-naw-wan
3 Wau-be-wog O-Waub-naw-won O-waub-daw-naw-wan
IV. What is denominated the reflective form of the verb, is where the
subject and the object are the same person or thing; as, in English, He
hates himself. The passive and reflective forms are illustrated in the
verb, To See, thus:
Passive. Reflective.
Ne-wob-me-go, I am seen. Ne-wau-baw-dis, I see myself.
Ke-wob-me-go, thou art seen. Ke-wau-baw-dis, thou seest thyself.
Wob-maw, he is seen. Wau-baw-de-so, he sees himself.
Ne-wob-me-go-me, we are seen, Ne-wau-baw-de-so-me, we see ourselves
Ko-wob-me-gom, you are seen. Ke-wan-baw-de-som, you see yourselves
Wob-maw-wag, they are seen. Wau-baw-de-so-wag, they see themselves
V. The emphatic form repeats the first part of the pronoun; as, Ne-
waub, I see; Nin-ne-waub, I do see (literally, I myself see).
Intransitive.
Common Form--I eat, etc. Emphatic Form--I do eat, etc.
1 Ne-we-sin Nin-ne-we-sin
2 Ke-we-sin Kin-ke-we-sin
3 We-se-ne Win-we-we-sin
Transitive--Animate Object
1 Ne-daw-mwaw Nin-ne-daw-mwaw
2 Ke-daw-mwaw Kin-ke-daw-mwaw
3 O-daw-mwaw Win-o-daw-mwaw
Transitive--Inanimate Object.
1 Ne-me-djin Nin-ne-me-djin
2 Ke-me-djin Kin-ke-me-djin
3 O-me-djin Win-o-me-djin
The object is frequently placed before the verb--always when in answer
to a question. Thus, the answer to the question, What is he eating?
would be, Ke-goon-yan o-daw-mwawn--Fish he is eating.
Nouns are formed from verbs by adding "win"; as, waub, to see, wau-be-
win, sight; paw-pe, to laugh, paw-pe-win, laughter; au-no-ke, to work,
au-no-ke-win, labor.
NOTE.--A verb susceptible of both the transitive and intransitive
office, and of both animate and inanimate subjects, as for instance,
the verb To Blow, may have no less than fifteen forms for the
indicative present third person singular. The intransitive may be both
animate and inanimate as to subject, and the former both common and
emphatic; the transitive would have the same, multiplied by animate and
inanimate objects; and the passive and reflective would each have
inanimate, and common and emphatic animate--fifteen. Double these for
the plural, and we have thirty forms; and that multiplied by the
sixteen tenses of the indicative, potential and subjunctive moods gives
480 forms of third person. The first and second persons have the same,
minus the inanimate subject, or 20 each for each tense, making 640
more, or 1120 all together in those three moods. The imperative
singular and plural, and the infinitive present and past, and the
participles, add 25. Then there is the additional form for the first
person plural treated under "Pronouns," running through all the sixteen
tenses, common and emphatic, animate and inanimate and intransitive, 96
more--making the astonishing number of 1241 forms of a single verb!--
EDITOR.
_Conjugation of the Verb To Be._
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pers. Singular. Plural.
Present Tense--I am, etc.
1 Ne-daw-yaw Ne-daw-yaw-me
2 Ke-daw-yaw Ke-daw-yaw-me
3 Aw-yaw Aw-yaw-waug or wog
Imperfect Tense--I was, etc.
1 Ne-ge-au-yaw Ne-ge-au-yaw-me
2 Ke-ge-au-yaw Ke-ge-au-yawm
3 Ke-au-yaw Ke-au-yaw-wog
Perfect Tense--I have been, etc.
1 Au-zhe-gwaw ne-ge-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwaw ne-ge-au-yaw-me
2 Au-zhe-gwaw ke-ge-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwaw ke-ge-au-yawm
3 Au-zhe-gwaw ke-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwaw ke-au-yaw-wog
Pluperfect Tense--I had been, etc.
1 Ne-ge-au-yaw-naw-baw Ne-ge-au-me-naw-baw
2 Ke-ge-au-yaw-naw-baw Ke-ge-au-me-naw-baw
3 Ke-au-yaw-baw Ke-au-yaw-baw-neg
Future Tense--I shall or will be, etc.
1 Ne-gaw-au-yaw Ne-gaw-au-yaw-me
2 Ke-gaw-au-yaw Ke-gaw-au-yawm
3 Taw-au-yaw Taw-au-yaw-wag
POTENTIAL MOOD.
Present Tense--I may or can be, etc.
1 Ko-maw ne-taw-au-yaw Ko-maw ne-taw-au-yaw-me
2 Ko-maw ke-taw-au-yaw Ko-maw ke-taw-au-yawm
3 Ko-maw tau-yaw Ko-maw taw-au-yo-wog
Imperfect Tense--I might be, etc.
1 Ko-maw ne-ge-au-yaw Ko-maw ne-ge-au-yaw-me
2 Ko-maw ke-ge-au-yaw Ko-maw ke-ge-au-yom
3 Ko-maw ke-au-yaw Ko-maw ke-au-yaw-wog
Perfect Tense--I may have been, etc.
1 Au-zhe-gwau ne-tau-ge-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwau ne-tau-ge-au-yaw-me
2 Au-zhe-gwau ke-tau-ge-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwau ke-tau-ge-au-yawm
3 Au-zhe-gwan tau-ge-au-yaw Au-zhe-gwau tau-ge-au-yaw-og
Pluperfect Tense--I might have been, etc.
1 Ko-maw au-yaw-yom-baw Ko maw au-yaw-wong-ge-baw
2 Ko-maw ke-au-yaw-yom-baw Ko-maw au-yaw-ye-go-baw
3 Ko-maw au-yaw-go-baw-nay Ko-maw au-yaw-wo-go-baw-nay
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present Tense--If I be, etc.
1 Tchish-pin au-yaw-yaw Tchish-pin au-yaw-wong
2 Tchish-pin au-yaw-yon Tchish-pin au-yaw-yeg
3 Tchish-pin au-yawd Tchish-pin au-yaw-wod
Imperfect Tense--If I were, etc,
1 Tchish-pin ke-au-yaw-yaw Tchish-pin ke-au-yaw-wong
2 Tchish-pin ke-au-yaw-yon Tchish-pin ke-au-yaw-yeg
3 Tchish-pin ke-au-yawd Tchish-pin ke-au-yaw-wod
Perfect Tense--If I have been, etc.
1 Tchish-pin au-zhe-gaw ke-au-yaw-yaw
2 Tchish-pin au-zhe-gaw ke-au-yaw-yon
3 Tchish-pin au-zhe-gwa ke-au-yawd Tchish-pin au-zhe-gwa ke-aw-yaw-wog
Tchish-pin au-zhe-gwa ke-au-yaw-yeg
Tchish-pin au-zhe-gwa ke-au-yaw-wod
[The syllable "gwa" is often omitted, merely saying, "au-zhe."].
Pluperfect Tense--If I had been, etc.
1 Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-yaw-baw Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-wong-o-baw
2 Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-yawm-baw Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-ye-go-baw
3 Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-paw Au-zhe ke-au-yaw-wau-paw
Future Tense--If I shall or will be, etc.
1 Tchish-pin we-au-yaw-yaw Tchish-pin we-au-yaw-wong
2 Tchish-pin we-au-yaw-yon Tchish-pin we-au-yaw-yeg
3 Tchish-pin we-au-yawd Tchish-pin we-au-yaw-wod
IMPERATIVE MOOD--Be thou, Do you be.
2 Au-yawm Au-yawg
INFINITIVE MOOD--To be, To have been.
Present--Tchi-au-yong Perfect--Au-zhe tchi-ke-au-yong
PARTICIPLES--Being, Been, Having been.
Au-zhaw-yong Tchi-ge-au-yong Au-zhe-gwaw tchi-ge-au-yong
_Synopsis of the Verb To See._
I see, Ne-wob.
I saw, Ne-ge-wob.
I have seen, Au-zhe-gwaw ne-ge-wob.
I had seen, Ne-ge-wob-naw-baw
I shall see, Ne-gaw-wob.
I shall have seen, Au-zhe-ge-wob.
I may see, Ko-maw ne-taw-wob.
I might see, Ko-maw ne-ge-wob.
I may-have seen, Au-zhe-gwaw ne-taw-ge-wob.
I might have seen, Ko-maw wob-yawm-baw.
If I see, Tchish-pin wob-yon.
If I saw, Tchish-pin ke-wob-yon-baw.
If I have seen, Tchish-pin au-zhe-gwa wob-yon.
If I had seen, Tchish-pin ke-wob yon-baw.
If I shall see, Tchish-pin we-wob-yon.
If I shall have seen, Tchish-pin we-wob-yon-baw.
See thou, Wob-ben.
To see, Tchi-wob-bing.
To have seen, Tchi-ge-wob-bing.
Seeing, Au-wob-bing.
Having seen, Au-zhe-gwaw au-ge-wob-biog.
Having been seen, Au-ge-wob-bing-e-baw.
I am seen, Ne-wob-me-go.
I was seen, Ne-ge-wob-me-go;
I have been seen, Au-zhe ne-ge-wob-me-go.
I had been seen, Ne-ge-wob-me-go-naw-baw.
I shall be seen, Ne-gaw-wob-me-go.
I shall have been seen, She-gwa-we-wob-me-go-yon.
I may be seen, Ko-maw wob-me-go-yon.
I might be seen, Ko-maw ke-wob-me-go-yon.
I may have been seen, Ko-maw au-zhe ke-wob-me-go-yon.
I might have been seen, Ko-maw au-zhe ke-wob-me-go-yon-baw.
If I be seen, Tchish-pin wob-em-go-yon.
If I have been seen, Tchish-pin au-zhe ke-wob-me-go-yon.
If I had been seen, Tchish-pin ke-wob-me-go-yon-baw.
If I shall be seen, Tchish-pin we-wob-me-go-yon.
If I shall have been seen, Tchish-pin she-gwa-we-wob-me-go-yon.
I see myself, Ne-wau-baw-dis.
I saw myself, Ne-ge-wau-baw-dis.
I shall see myself, Ne-gaw-wau-baw-dis.
I may see myself, Ko-maw ne-daw-wau-baw-dis.
See thyself, Wau-baw-de-son.
To see thyself, Tchi-wob-on-di-song.
MINOR PARTS OF SPEECH.
Adverbs: When, au-pe, au-ne-nish; where, au-ne-pe, au-ne-zhaw; there,
e-wo-te, au-zhe-we. [The significance of the double forms is not clear;
and comparison, as with Adjectives, seems to be by different words.--
ED.]
Prepositions are few, and are oftener embraced in the form of the verb,
as in the Latin. The most important are, pin-je, in; tchish-pin, or
kish-pin, if. Po-taw-wen pin-je ke-zhap ke-ze-gun, make some fire in
the stove; Tchish-pin maw-tchawt, if he go away. Or the same may be
expressed, Po-taw-wen ke-zhap ke-ze-gun-ing ("ing" forming locative
ease, with the preposition implied); and, Maw-yaw-tchaw-gwen (the
latter form of verb expressing subjunctive mood). The employment of the
preposition makes the expression more emphatic.
The most important Conjunctions are, haw-yea, gaw-ya, ka-ie, and; and
ke-maw, or. [Three forms of "and" doubtless due to imperfect
orthography.]
Interjections embrace, yaw! exclamation of danger; au-to-yo! surprise;
a-te-way! disappointment; taw-wot-to! disgust; ke-yo-o! disgust (used
only by females).
There is no Article; but the words, mendaw, that, and maw-baw, this,
are often used before nouns as specifying terms, and are always
emphatic. E-we is common for that, directed to things at a distance.
A peculiarity, of uncertain significance, is the termination, sh, or
esh, employed in connection with the possessive case. It does not
change the interpretation, and is perhaps an expression of familiarity,
or intimate relationship. Illustration:
Ne-gwiss, my son; Ne-gwisa-esh, my son.
Ne-daw-niss, my daughter; Ne-daw-niss-esh, my daughter.
Ne-dib, my head; Ne-dib-awsh, my head.
Ne-wau-bo-yon, my blanket; Ne-wau bo-yon-esh, my blanket.
Ne-gwiss-og, my sons; Ne-gwiss-es-shog, my sons.
Ne-daw-niss-og, my daughters; Ne-daw-niss-es-shog, my daughters.
One, Pa-zhig. Ten, Me-toss-we.
Two, Nezh. Twenty, Nezh-to-naw.
Three, Ness-we. Thirty, Ne-se-me-to-naw.
Four, Ne-win. Forty, Ne-me-to-naw.
Five, Naw-non. Fifty, Naw-ne-me-to-naw.
Six, Ne-go-twos-we. Sixty, Ne-go-twa-se-me-to-naw.
Seven, Nezh-was-we. Seventy, Nezh-wo-se-me-to-naw.
Eight, Nish-shwas-we. Eighty, Nish-wo-se-me-to-naw.
Nine, Shong-swe. Ninety, Shong-gaw-se-me-to-naw.
One hundred, Go-twok.
Father, Os-se-maw, pl. g. Mother, O-gaw-shi-maw, pl. g.
Brother, We-kaw-ne-se-maw. Sister, O-me-say-e-maw.
Grandfather, O-me-shaw-mes-e-maw. Grandmother, O-ko-mes-se-maw.
Cousin, male, We-taw-wis-e-maw. Cousin, female, We-ne-mo-shay-e-maw.
Uncle, O-me-shaw-may-e-maw. Aunt, O-nou-shay-e-maw.
Boy, Que-we-zayns, pl. og. Girl, Quay-zayns, pl. og.
Man, Au-ne-ne, pl. wog. Woman, Au-quay, pl. wog.
Old man, Au-ke-wa-ze, pl. yog. Old woman, Me-de-mo-yay, pl. yog.
Ae, yes. Kau, no. Nau-go, now.
Ka-ge-te, truly so. Kau-win, no (emphatic). Au-zhon-daw, here.
Pe-nau! hark! Ka-go, don't. E-wo-te, there.
Pa-kau, stop. Kaw-ga-go, none. Ne-gon, before.
Aush-kwe-yong, behind. Ne-se-wo-yaw-ing, between.
Pe-tchi-naw-go, yesterday. Wau-bung, to-morrow.
Pe-tchi-nog, just now. Wau-e-baw, soon.
Au-no-maw-yaw, lately. Way-wib, quickly.
Au-gaw-won, hardly. Naw-a-gotch, slowly.
Au-pe-tchi, very. O-je-daw, purposely.
Kay-gaw, almost. Saw-kou, for example.
Mou-zhawg, always. Me-naw-gay-kaw! to be sure!
Ne-sawb, alike. Kaw-maw-me-daw, can't.
Pin-dig, inside. Pin-di-gayn, come in.
We-yaw, The Body. Pe-nay-shen, Bird.
(Pl. yog)
O-dib, Head. Wing-ge-zee, Eagle.
O-te-gwan, Face. Pe-nay-se, Hawk.
O-don, Mouth. Mong, Loon.
Osh-ke-zheg, Eye. Me-zhe-say, Turkey.
O-no-wau-e, Cheek. She-sheb, Duck.
(P. og; others an.)
Otch-awsh, Nose. Kaw-yawshk, Gull.
O-daw-me-kon, Jaw. Tchin-dees, Bluejay.
O-da-naw-naw, Tongue. May-may, Woodcock.
We-bid, Tooth. Pe-nay, Partridge.
We-ne-zes, Hair. Au-dje-djawk, Crane.
O-kaw-tig, Forehead. O-me-me, Pigeon.
O-maw-maw, Eyebrow. Au-pe-tchi, Robin.
Kaw-gaw-ge, Palate. Awn-dayg, Crow.
(P. og; others an.)
O-kaw-gun, Neck. Au-nawk, Thrasher.
O-do-daw-gun, Throat. Paw-paw-say, Woodpecker.
O pe-kwawn, Back. Ke-wo-nee, Prairie hen.
O-pe-gay-gun, Rib. Maw-kwa, Bear.
O-me-gawt, Stomach. Mooz, Moose.
O-naw-gish, Bowel. Me-shay-wog, Elk.
Osh-kawt, Belly. Maw-in-gawn, Wolf.
O-kwan, Liver. Au-mick, Beaver.
O-kun, Bone. Maw-boos, Rabbit.
O-nenj, Hand. Pe-zhen, Lynx.
O-neek, Arm. Au-ni-moosh, Dog.
O-dos-kwon, Elbow. Au-ni-mouns, Puppy.
O-kawd, Leg. Au-zhawshk, Muskrat.
O-ge-dig, Knee. Wau-goosh, Fox.
(P. og; others an.)
O bwom, Thigh. Shaw-gway-she, Mink.
O-zeet, Foot. A-se-bou, Raccoon.
O-don-dim, Heel. Me-she-be-zhe, Panther.
(eg; others wog, og, g.)
O-ge-tchi-zeet, Big toe. She-gos-se, Weasel.
O-ge-tchi-nenj, Thumb. Au-saw-naw-go, Squirrel.
Ke-gon, Fish. Maw-ne-tons, insect.
(Pl. yog)
Ke-gons (dim.), minnow. O-jee, house fly.
(Pl. sog)
Naw-me-gons, trout. Me-ze-zawk, horse fly.
Maw-zhaw-me-gons, brook trout. Au-mon, bumblebee.
Maw-may, sturgeon. Au-moans (dim.), bee, hornet.
O-gaw, pickerel. May-may-gwan, butterfly.
(Pl. yog)
She-gwaw-meg, dog fish. Au-kou-jeah, louse.
Au-saw-way, perch. Paw-big, flea.
O-kay-yaw-wis, herring. O-ze-gog, woodtick.
Au-she-gun, black bass. A-naw-go, ant.
Au-de-kaw-meg, whitefish. A-a-big, spider.
Ke-no-zhay, pike. Saw-ge-may, mosquito.
Paw-zhe-toua, sheep head. Mo-say, cut worm.
(Pl. yog)
Maw-maw-bin, sucker. O-quay, maggot.
Paw-gawn, nut; (dim. paw-gaw-nays, hazelnut or other small nut)
Au-zhaw-way-mish, pl. eg; beech tree.
Au-zhaw-way-min, pl. on; beech nut.
Me-te-gwaw-bawk, pl. og; hickory tree.
Me-gwaw-baw-ko paw-gon, pl. on; hickory nut.
Paw-gaw-naw-ko paw-gon, pl. on; walnut.
Me-she-me-naw-gaw-wosh, pl. eg; apple tree.
Me-she-min, pl. og; apple.
Shaw-bo-me-naw-gaw-wosh, pl. eg; gooseberry bush.
Shaw-bo-min, pl. og; gooseberry.
Paw-gay-saw-ne-mish, pl. eg; plum tree.
Paw-gay-son, pl. og; plum.
Aw-nib, pl. eg; elm. Aw-doup, pl. eg; willow.
Shin-gwawk, pl. wog; pine. Ke-zhek, pl. og; cedar.
Au-bo-yawk, pl. wog; ash. We-aaw-gawk, pl. og; black ash.
Me-daw-min, pl. og; corn. O-zaw-o-min, pl. og; yellow corn.
Mis-kou-min, pl. og; red raspberry.
Wau-be-mis-kou-min, pl. og; white raspberry.
Wau-kaw-tay-mis-kou-min, pl. eg; black raspberry.
AU-KEE; the world, the earth, land, country, soil.
Pay-maw-te-se-jeg au-king, the people of the world.
Taw-naw-ke-win, country or native land.
Ke-taw-kee-me-naw, our country.
Maw-kaw-te au-kee, black earth or soil.
Me-daw-keem, my land.
Au-ke-won, soiled; also applied to rich land.
Ne-besh, water; ne-be-kaw, wet land.
Wau-bawsh-ko-kee, marsh land.
An-ke-kaw-daw-go-kee, tamarack swamp.
Ke-zhe-ke-kee, cedar swamp.
Au-tay yaw-ko-kee, swamp, swampy land.
Shen-gwaw-ko-kee, pine land.
Ne-gaw-we-kee, sand; ne-gaw-we-kaw, sandy.
Kong-ke-tchi-gaw-me, the ocean.
Ke-tchi-au-gaw-ming, across the ocean.
Se-be (pl. won), river; se-be-wens (dim). (pl. an.) brook.
Ke-te-gawn (pl. on), farm; ke-te-gaw-nes (dim.), garden.
Ke-te-gay we-ne-ne, (pl. wog), farmer.
Ke-zes, sun; te-bik-ke-zes, moon; au-nong (pl. wog), star.
Ke-zhe-gut, day; te-be-kut, night.
Ne-bin, summer; pe-boon, winter.
Ne-be-nong, last summer; me-no-pe-boon, pleasant winter.
Tau-gwan-gee, fall; me-nou-kaw-me, spring.
Au-won-se-me-nou-kaw-ming, year ago last spring.
Maw-tchi taw-gwan-ge, bad or unpleasant fall.
No-din, wind; no-wau-yaw, the air.
No-de-naw-ne-mot, windy.
To-ke-sin, calm; ne-tche-wod, stormy.
Au-pe-tchi ne-tche-wod, very stormy.
Wig-wom, house; wig-wom-an, houses.
Au-sin wig-worn, stone house.
Au-naw-me-a-we-gaw-mig, a church.
Te-baw-ko-we-ga we-gaw-mig, a court house.
Me-no-say, handy. Me-no-sayg, that which is handy.
Au-no-ke, work. A-no-ket, he that is working.
Wo-be, he sees. Wau-yaw-bet, he that sees.
Pe-mo-say, he walks. Pe-mo-sayt, he that is walking.
Pe-me-bot-to, he runs. Pe-me-bot-tot, he that runs.
Get him, nawzh. Get it, naw-din.
Help him, naw-daw-maw. Help it, naw-daw-maw-don.
Call him, naw-doum. Ask for it, naw-don-don.
Go to him, naw-zhe-kow. Go to it, naw-zhe-kon.
Meet him, naw-kwesh-kow. Meet it, naw-kwesh-kon.
Ne-dje-mon, my boat. Ne-dje-may, I paddle.
Ne-dje-bawm, my soul. Ne-do-ge-mom, my master.
Ne-gwes, my son. Ne-daw-nes, my daughter.
Ne-taw-wes, my cousin. Ne-kaw-nes, my brother.
Ne-daw-kim, my land. Ne-ne-tehaw-nes, my child.
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